2015年华东交通大学考博英语真题及答案(回忆版)

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阅读理解：

Question 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

The word science is heard so often in modern times that almost everybody has some notion of its meaning. The meaning of the term is confusing, but everyone should understand its meaning and objectives. Just to make the explanation as simple as possible, suppose science is defined as classified knowledge.

Even in true sciences, distinguishing fact from fiction is not always easy. For this reason great care should be taken to distinguish between beliefs and truths. For example, hypotheses and theories are attempts to explain natural phenomena. From these positions scientists continue to experiment and observe until they are proved. The exact status of any explanation should be clearly labeled to avoid confusion.

The objectives of science are primarily the discovery and the subsequent understanding of the unknown. Man cannot be satisfied with recognizing that secrets exist in nature or that questions are unanswerable; he must solve them. Toward that end, specialists in the field of biology and related fields of interest are directing much of their time and energy.

Actually, two basic approaches lead to the discovery of new information. One, aimed at satisfying curiosity, is referred to as pure science. The other is aimed at using knowledge for specific purposes such as improving health, or creating new consumer products. In this case knowledge is put to economic use. Such an approach is referred to as applied science.

Sometimes practical-minded people miss the point of pure science in thinking only of its immediate application for economic reward. Chemists responsible for discoveries could hardly anticipated that their findings would one day result in applications of such a practical nature as those directly related to life and death. The discovery of one bit of information opens the door to the discovery of another. However, one should remember that the construction of the microscope had to precede the discovery of the cell. Many scientists dedicating their lives to purer science are not apologetic about ignoring the practical side of their discoveries; they know from experience that most knowledge is eventually applied.

1. To define science, we can simply name it as( ).

A、 the study of nature and mankind

B、 an attempt to pose and prove hypotheses and theories

C、 categorized knowledge

D、 the study of the unrelated natural phenomena

2.A scientist interested in general knowledge about oxygen would probably call his approach( ).

A、 applied science

B、 chemical science

C、 pure science

D、 environmental science

完型填空：

The change in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at that the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those(1)by models take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.

To(2)the question of attribution requires the(3)of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on(4)maps or patterns of temperature change in(5)and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned(6), and makes it possible to achieve more definitive(7)of observed climate changed to a particular cause or causes.

The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole(8)cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful(9)technique. The basic idea(10)pattern-based approaches is that different(11)causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to (12)a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change(13)by models and those actually observed.

The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible(14)on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are(15)the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric(16)of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.

Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the(17)of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the(18)of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the(19)of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climate effects of these particles began only recently and the overall(20)is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.

1.A、 incensed           B、 personify         C、 interact         D、 predicted

2.A、 array                 B、 ascertain          C、 probe            D、 perturb

翻译：

In fact, the robots that are doing the most for you and me — the industrial robots — don’t even have a head. A tiny microprocessor capable of fitting on a silicon chip the size of a pea makes up part of the robot’s “brain”. Several of these silicon chips are placed on two or three printed circuit boards to provide the input and memory bank functions. When plugged into an electrical outlet, this assembly of microprocessors, much like the human brain, transmits electrical impulses along pathways which run from the computer itself down the robot’s arm and into its hand. In humans, these pathways are the nerve fibers; in robots, they are electrical cables.

试题答案：

【参考译文】事实上，那些对人类贡献最大的机器人——工业机器人——甚至连头都没有。一个能装在豌豆大小的硅芯片上的微型处理器，构成了机器人“大脑的一部分”。几块这样的芯片被放置在两到三块印刷电路板上，提供输入和记忆库的功能。当插入电源插座时，这组微型处理器就像人类的大脑一样，将电脉冲从计算机本身传递到机器人的手臂，再传递到它的手。对人类来说，这些路径是神经纤维，而对机器人来说，它们就是电缆。

写作：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an article. You should write at least 200 words following the suggestions given below:

Marriage and Partner Relationship

1. Show your understanding of marriage;

2. Make a comparison between marriage and partner relationship;

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