中国社会科学院考博英语真题（三）

考博英语真题是最佳复习资料，是考博学子常用资料，真题可以快速有效抓住考试的重点和难点。希赛网考博英语为广大考生搜集整理了中国社会科学院博士研究生入学考试英语真题，正在备考的考生快看过来吧。希赛网考博英语真题持续更新中，请关注希赛网考博英语频道。

Direction: Write your translations in your answer sheet．

Part A

Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. (15％)

Every society, beginning with some slight inclination in one direction or another, carries its preference farther and farther, integrating itself more and more completely upon its chosen basis, and discarding those types of behavior that are uncongenial. (1)Most of those organizations of personality that seem to us most uncontrovertibly abnormal have been used by different civilizations in the very foundations of their institutional life. Conversely the most valued traits of normal individuals have been looked on in differently organized cultures as aberrant. Normality, in short, within a very wide range, is culturally defined. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use. (2)The very eyes with which we see the problem are conditioned by the long traditional habits of our own society．

It is a point that has been made more often in relation to ethics than in relation to psychiatry. We do not any longer make the mistake of deriving the morality of our locality and decade directly from the inevitable constitution of human nature. We do not elevate it to the dignity of a frist principle. We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits, Mankind has always preferred to say, “it is morally good,” rather than “it is habitual,” and the fact of this preference is matter enough for a critical science of ethics. But historically the two phrases are synonymous．

The concept of the normal is properly a variant of the concept of the good. It is that which society has approved. A normal action is one which falls well within the limits of expected behavior for a particular society. Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior patterns that differnet societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior. (3) Each culture is a more or less elaborate working out of the potentialities of the segment it has chosen. In so far as a civilization is well integrated and consistent within itself, it will tend to carry farther and farther, according to its nature, its initial impulse toward a particular type of action, and from the point of view of any other culture those elaborations may include more and more extreme and aberrant traits. (4)

Each of these traits, in proportion as it reinforces the chosen behavior patterns of that culture, is for that culture, normal. Those individuals to whom it is congenial either congenitally, or as the result of childhood sets, are accorded prestige in that culture, and are not visited with the social contempt or disapproval which their traits would call down upon them in a society that was differently organized. On the other hand, those individuals whose characteristics are not congenial to the selected type of human behavior in that community are considered the deviants, no matter how valued their personality traits may be in a differenent civilization. (5)

Part B

Translate the following sentences into good English. (15 ％)

1．观察和评价一个的人权状况，应考虑到该国的历史，社会、经济、文化等条件，不能割断该国的历史、脱离该国的国情，更不能按一个模式或某个或区域的情况来简单套用。各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决，世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。

2．当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以来最复杂、最深刻的变化。和平与发展依然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。和平是发展的前提，发展是和平的保障，在和平的环境中谋求发展已成为国际社会的共同愿望。

3．获得更多知识的惟一途径是通过教育和培训。知识如同资本、物质资源和汗水一样，已经变成了生产的一个必要因素——也许是最基本的困素。因此，一个社会的教育体系应该是能够向以知识为基础的工作迅速转变，否则这个社会就将不可避免地落在后面。

KEY

Part A

1．每个社会，最初就有着向一定方向发展的微弱的趋势，(随着社会的发展)，这个趋势会一步步地加强，社会也会在自己选择的基础上摒弃那些不和协的行为方式，使自己越来越趋向完全的一体化。

2．(正常)主要是一个用来形容任何文化中被社会化地阐释的那部分人类行为的术语；而不正常则是一个形容特定的文明中不被人们所采用的那部分行为的术语。

3．(正常行为)在不同民族中的可变性，从本质上说，是由不同社会出于自身需要而创造的行为模式的可变性所致，其绝不能在完全脱离文化的、制度化了的行为类型的情况下单独加以考虑。

4．只要一个文明在其内部是完整的和谐调的，它就会按照其本性，推动自身朝着最初确定的那个行为模式不断前进。而在其他任何文化看来，这些苦心经营的结果可能包含着越来越多极端和异常的特征。

5．另一方面，那些行为特征与社会所选择的行为方式不相一致的个人，不管他们的个性特征在另外一种文化中多么的受尊重，在这个社会中也会被认为是不正常。

Part B

1．To observe and evaluate the status of human rights in a country, we should take into consideration the historical, social, economic and cultural conditions of the very country instead of cutting off the history, divorcing from the current situations of the country, not to mention applying one model or the situation of a certain country or area to all the countries mechanically. Each country's human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own govemment and people, while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together．

2．At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War. Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world. Peace is the premise of development while the latter is the guarantee of the former, and seeking for development under peaceful circumstances has become the common desire of the international society．

3．The only way to acquire more knowledge is by education and training. Knowledge, like capital, material resources and sweat, has become a necessary, perhaps the most fundamental factor of production. Therefore, the educational system of a society should be able to shift towards the knowledge-based work fast, or this society will inevitably lag behind．