IT新词集锦

Firewalking

A technique for testing the vulnerability of a firewall and mapping the routers of a network that sits behind a firewall. Firewalking is a method of disguising port scans. In practical applications, firewalking is similar to tracerouting and works by sending into the firewall TCP or UDP packets that have a TTL set at one hop greater than the targeted firewall. If the packet makes it through the gateway, it is forwarded to the next hop where the TTL equals zero and elicits a TTL “exceeded in transit” message, at which point the packet is discarded. Using this method, access information on the firewall can be determined if successive probe packets are sent.

Typosquatting

slang. Registering a domain name that is a variation on a popular domain name with the expectation that the site will get traffic off of the popular site because of a user's misspelling of the name. For example, registering the domain names sino.com or yahooo.com in the hopes that someone making a typo will get to that site unexpectedly.

防火墙

一项测试防火墙弱点和绘制防火墙后面网络上的路由器分布的技术。趟火墙是一种伪装端口扫描的方法。在实际应用中，趟火墙与路由跟踪技术类似，工作时把一跳的生存时间字段设定大于目标防火墙的 TCP或UDP包送进防火墙。如果该包通过了网关，它就转到下一跳，这时生存时间为零并得出生存时间“传输超时”的信息，在此情况下该包被废弃。利用此法，如果发送连续的探测包，就能确定防火墙上的接入信息。

注册近似域名

(俚语)注册流行域名的变种，希望如果用户把该流行网站的名字拼错时，能从该流行网站拉些流量过来。例如，注册 sino.com或yahooo.com域名，希望有人打字出错而意想不到地进入这些网站。

Cybersquatting

Cybersquatting is the act of registering a popular Internet address——usually a company name——with the intent of selling it to its rightful owner.

Inode

Data structures that contain information about files in Unix file systems that are created when a file system is created. Each file has an inode and is identified by an inode number (i-number) in the file system where it resides. inodes provide important information on files such as user and group ownership, access mode (read, write, execute permissions) and type. A file's inode number can be found using the ls -i command, while the ls -l command will retrieve inode information.

(域名)抢注

(域名)抢注是指注册一个流行的因特网地址(通常是公司的名字)的行为，意图是把它卖给合法的拥有者。

信息点

这是一种数据结构，它包含了 Unix文件系统中文件的信息，它是在生成系统时生成的。每个文件有一信息点，在其所在的文件系统中，它用信息点编号(i-number)来识别。信息点提供了文件的重要信息，如用户和用户组的拥有权、访问方式(允许读、写、还是执行)和类型。文件的信息点编号可以用“ls -i”命令找到，用“ls -l”命令能检索信息点的信息。

Bloatware

Software that has lots of features and requires considerable disk space and RAM. As the cost of RAM and disk storage has decreased, there has been a growing trend among software developers to disregard the size of applications. Some people refer to this trend as creeping featuritis. If creeping featuritis is the symptom, bloatware is the disease.

Enterprise Search Platforms

ESPs (enterprise search platforms) is the collection of some technologyies, these new, comprehensive bundles of search and integration technologies unlock information tucked away in data stores across the enterprise. The goal of ESPs is deceptively simple: to take fairly simple queries and return the most relevant results possible, all in one place. But under the hood, ESPs aggregate a host of emerging technologies such as autocategorization, entity extraction, and NLP (natural language processing). With an ESP as a foundation, businesses can build customized search applications while automating the process of preparing documents for archiving and indexing.

超大件

拥有大量特色和需要很多磁盘和 RAM空间的软件。随着RAM和磁盘存储设备成本的下降，出现了开发人员不管应用软件大小的趋势。有些人称这种趋势为爬行特性主义。如果说爬行特性主义是征兆的话，超大件就是疾病。

企业搜索平台

ESPs(企业搜索平台)是一组新的、综合性的搜索和集成技术的总和，它们能把那些深藏在企业内部的数据显露出来。ESP的目标是让事情看起来非常简单: 提交一个简单的请求，返回一个最可能相关的结果，这些结果集中在一起。但是在简单的外表背后，ESPs综合了多种技术，如自动分类、内容抽取和自然语言处理等。以ESP为基础，企业能定制自己的应用，为文档的归档和索引自动做好准备。

Topic maps

Topic maps are a way to represent knowledge structures and their relationships to information resources. Based on XML, topic maps are related in concept to but more powerful and inclusive than book indexes. Topic maps are a promising approach, still in its infancy.

softlifting

This is the most common form of piracy. Sharing a program with a friend or associate is softlifting. To stop this kind of piracy in businesses and institutions, software publishers offer multi-user licenses, which are cheaper than buying single copies for every machine.

主题图

主题图是一种表示知识结构以及它们与信息资源关系的方法。主题图是基于 XML的，在概念上，它与书籍索引有关，但比后者更强大、更广泛。主题图是一种有前途的方法，现尚处于起步阶段。

软 偷

这是最常见的软件盗版形式。与朋友或同伴分享程序就是软偷。为了阻止在公司和机构中的这种盗版行为，软件商提供多用户许可证，它比为每台机器购买单用户拷贝便宜。

启 示

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Web Services Description

Language(WSDL)

WSDL is an XML-based language used to describe the services a business offers and to provide a way for individuals and other businesses to access those services electronically. WSDL is the cornerstone of UDDI initiative spearheaded by Microsoft, IBM, and Ariba. UDDI is an XML-based registry for businesses worldwide, which enables businesses to list themselves and their services on the Internet. WSDL is the language used to do this.

WSDL is derived from Microsoft's Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and IBM's Network Accessible Service Specification Language (NASSL). WSDL replaces both NASSL and SOAP as the means of expressing business services in the UDDI registry.

Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)

SOAP is a way for a program running in one kind of operating system to communicate with a program in the same or another kind of an operating system by using HTTP and XML as the mechanisms for information exchange. Since Web protocols are installed and available for use by all major operating system platforms, HTTP and XML provide an already at-hand solution to the problem of how programs running under different operating systems in a network can communicate with each other. SOAP specifies exactly how to encode an HTTP header and an XML file so that a program in one computer can call a program in another computer and pass it information. It also specifies how the called program can return a response.

SOAP was developed by Microsoft, DevelopMentor, and Userland Software and has been proposed as a standard interface to the Internet Engineering Task Force. An advantage of SOAP is that program calls are much more likely to get through firewall servers that screen out requests other than those for known applications (through the designated port mechanism). Since HTTP requests are usually allowed through firewalls, programs using SOAP to communicate can be sure that they can communicate with programs anywhere.

Web服务描述语言(WSDL)

WSDL是一种基于XML的语言，用于描述公司提供的服务以及为个人和其他公司用电子的方法访问这些服务提供的方法。WSDL是微软、IBM和Ariba公司率先提出