条件状语从句
1.定义
条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition),属于状语从句中的一种,从句部分是用以说明主句中谓语动词发生的条件的状语从句。在英文中,“条件”是指某一件事情实现之后(状语从句中的动作),其它事情(主句中的动作)才能发生,通常译作“假如”、“如果”。注意:在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,表示将来时态,主句是一般将来时态,祈使句或情态动词,从句要用现在时态。
二、分类
目的状语从句的引导词主要有:
① if,表示“假如”,可以放在句首,也可以放在句末,位置灵活。
² if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。
例如:If you fail in the exam, you will let him down..
如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。
We will stop playing if it rains.
如果天下雨,我们就不玩了。
if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。
例如:The victim would have had a chance to survive if he had been taken to the hospital in time.(与过去事实相反)
如果遇难者被及时送往医院的话,他本来会有机会活下来的。
If I were a boy, I would make myself handsome and attract all the girls in the world.(与现在事实相反)
如果我是一个男孩,我会让自己很潇洒而且能够吸引世上所有的女孩。
If Tom should be (were to be) free, he would go for a picnic with me next Sunday.(与将来事实相反)
如果汤姆有空,他下星期天就会和我一起去野餐。
① unless表示“除非,若不,除非在……的时候”,引导否定性的条件状语(=if not),如果主句是一般将来时态,则unless引导的从句的时态通常用一般现在时表将来,在unless引导的条件状语从句中,主句也可以含有情态动词或祈使句。
例如:You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.
若你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。
They won’t come unless you say sorry.
= If you don’t say sorry, they won’t come.
除非你道歉,否则他们不会来。
² 1.当所述条件会结束已经存在的想法,状态或趋向时,两者都可以。
2.当所述条件会导致一种新的想法或状况时,通常用if not。
3.表示虚拟条件,既与实际事实相反的状况时,只能用if not。
4.和否定表达连用时,只能用unless。
② on condition(that)../ supposing / provided (that)等。
² on condition(that)...“在……条件下”,引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或条件。
例如:He spoke to reporters on condition that he was not identified.
在不披露身份的条件下,他接受了记者的采访。
² supposing“如果,假使”,表示一种假设条件。
例如:Supposing he is absent, what shall we do?
假使他不在,我们将怎么办呢?
² provided (that)“假如,除非,以……为条件”
例如:The other banks are going to be very eager to help, provided that they see that he has a specific plan.
如果看到他有具体的计划,其他银行会很愿意提供帮助。
2.考博真题
[Since the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then)], the musical arrangement was normally improvised in greatest hurry.(华东师范大学2016年阅读)
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句,子句类型以及连接词如下:
主句:the musical arrangement was normally improvised in greatest hurry.
【译文】这种音乐安排通常是在最匆忙的情况下即兴创作的
分句一:Since the conductor seldom saw the films
类型:原因状语从句;引导词:since
【译文】因为直到电影上映的前一天晚上指挥家才能看到电影
分句二:if, indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then
类型:条件状语从句;引导词:if
【译文】如果指挥家真的有幸能看到电影的话
其他成分:until the night before they were to be shown为时间状语
【全句译文】:因为直到电影上映的前一天晚上指挥家才能看到电影,如果指挥家真的有幸能看到电影的话,那么这种音乐安排通常是在最匆忙的情况下即兴创作的。
There would seem to be no reason (why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion), [(provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission)].(辽宁大学2016年阅读)
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句,子句类型以及连接词如下:
主句:There would seem to be no reason
【译文】似乎没有理由
分句一:why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion
类型:定语从句;引导词:why
分句二:provided there is a mechanism…
类型:条件状语从句;引导词:provided
【译文】如果有一种机制
分句三:by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission
类型:定语从句;引导词:by which
【译文】每个人在一生中都可以拒绝这种许可
【全句译文】:如果有一种机制可以使个人在其一生中可以拒绝这种许可,那么似乎没有理由不让公众接受为移植目的而摘除器官的做法。
(If our time is usually employed), it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work (which will fetch its price in the market), or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money (when the proper opportunity comes).(武汉大学2016年英译汉)
这是一个主从复合句。
原句中的各个子句,子句类型以及连接词如下:
主句:it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities
【译文】
分句一:If our time is usually employed
类型:条件状语从句;引导词:if
【译文】如果我们的时间被有效的利用
分句二:which will fetch its price in the market
类型:定语从句;引导词:which
分句三:when the proper opportunity comes
类型:时间状语从句;引导词:when
【译文】以便当适当的机会来的时候
其他成分:so as to enable us to earn money…目的状语
【全句译文】:如果我们的时间经常被利用,它要么会产生一些有用的和重要的产品,并在市场上卖出好价格,要么会增加我们的经验和提升我们的能力,以便当适当的机会来的时候,我们能够赚钱。
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