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Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceThe word Renaissance means "rebirth." A number of people who lived in Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age. To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period (hence the "Middle Ages"), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classical culture. Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy. The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in- published in 1860. He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world (the Italians were "the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe") and saw the revival of antiquity, the perfecting of the individual," and secularism as its distinguishing features. Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment; nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance. Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was. after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them. These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this new urban society, a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance, as an age of recovery from the "calamitous fourteenth century." Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession. This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world. This new revival of classical antiquity (the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture) affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: "Man can do all things if they will." A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population. The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement. Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible.

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The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to. journalist and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects or journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present, the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern. Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.1.The main idea of the first paragraph is that()2. Much research has been done on interviews in general()3. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview()4.Who is the interviewee in a clinic interview?5.The passage is most likely a part of()

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Many zoos in the United States have undergone radical changes in the philosophy and design. All possible care is taken to reduce the stress of living in captivity. Cages and grounds are landscaped to make gorillas feel immersed in vegetation, as they would be in a Congo jungle. Zebras gaze across vistas arranged to appear (to zoos visitors, at least) nearly as broad as an African plain.Yet, strolling past animals in zoo after zoo. I have noticed the signs of hobbled energy that has found no release—large cats pacing in a repetitive pattern, primates rocking for hours in one corner of a cage. These truncated movements are known as cage stereotypes, and usually these movements bring about no obvious physical or emotional effects in the captive animal. Many animal specialists believe they, are more troubling to the people who watch than to the animals themselves. Such restlessness is an unpleasant reminder that—despite the careful interior decoration and clever optical illusions—zoo animals are prisoners, being kept in elaborate cells.The rationale for breeding endangered animals in zoos is nevertheless compelling. Once a species falls below a certain number, it is beset by inbreeding and other processes that nudge it closer and closer to extinction. If the animal also faces the whole-scale destruction of its habitat, its one hope for survival lies in being transplanted to some haven of safely, usually a cage. In serving as trusts for rare fauna, zoos have committed millions of dollars to caring for animals. Many zoo managers have given great consideration to the psychological health of the animals in their care. Yet the more I learned about animals bred in enclosures, the more I wondered how their sensibilities differed from those of animals raised to roam free.In the wild, animals exist in a world of which we have little understanding. They may communicate with their kind through "language" that are indecipherable by humans. A few studies suggest that some species perceive landscapes much differently than people do; for example, they may: be keenly attuned to movement on the faces of mountains or across the broad span of grassy plains. Also, their social structures may be complex and integral to their well-being. Some scientists believe they may even develop cultural traditions that are key to the survival of populations.But when an animal is confined, it lives within a vacuum. If it is accustomed to covering long distances in its searches for food, it grows lazy or bored. It can make no decisions for itself; its intelligence and wild skills atrophy from lack of use, becomes, in a sense, one of society’s charges, completely dependent on humans for' nourishment and care.How might an animal species be changed—subtly, imperceptibly—by spending several generations in a per:? I posed that question to the curator of birds at the San Diego Wild Animal Park, which is a breeding center for the endangered California condor. "I always have to chuckle when someone asks me that," the curator replied."Evolution has shaped the behavior of the condor for hundreds of years. If you think I can change it in a couple of generations, you’re giving me a lot of credit."Recently the condor was reintroduced into the California desert—only a moment after its capture, in evolutionary terms. Perhaps the curator was right; perhaps the wild nature of the birds would emerge unscathed, although I was not convinced. But what of species that will spend decades or centuries in confinement before they are released?1.The primary purpose of the passage is to ()2.The primary function of the second paragraph is to show that()3. In the fourth paragraph, the author's most important point is that animals in the wild()4.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the fourth paragraph and the fifth paragraph?5. In paragraph 5 “charges” most nearly means()

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Education is one of the key, words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states ‘invest’, in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so care fully worked out, punctuated by text-books—those purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and birth; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology,, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally, equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be, applied to peoples without a script while our own compulsory school attendance became law in necessary in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure thin all on knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.1. The best title for this passage is()   .2.The word "interest" in paragraph one means ().3.The author seems()   .4.The passage implies that ().5.According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?

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When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like tile only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be miler kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry and they may multiply on Venus us or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very tong or the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand ,years from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers- of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be "'secondary,'" machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability' to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials, if this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compound and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.1.What does the word "cheer" (Para. 1, Line 2) imply?2.Humans on Earth are characterized by()         .3.According to this passage, some people believe that eventually()         .4.Even most imaginative people have to admit that ().5.It seems that the writer()         .

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Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably, linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy”, which comes from the Greek phannakon, meaning "purification through purging."By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay' tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers Papyrus, a scroll dating from 1900B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers. reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today. As antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "'chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the '"collectors of drugs." field workers, who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The '"preparers" aides" (technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers."And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-organ ingredients were kept.By the seventh century B.C. the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They- believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural components involved. Thus, the early, Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixteenth century, ushered in by' the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine.Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries "would pass before superstition was displaced by' scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error.Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticate additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.1. The author cites the literal definition of the Greek word phannakon in the first paragraph in order to()         .2.According to the passage, the seventh-century Greeks' view of medicine differed from that of the Sumerians in that the Greeks ().3.In Paragraph 5, the word "holistic" most nearly means()         .4.The passage indicates that advances in medical science during the modern era of pharmacology may have been delayed by()         .5. In the final paragraph, the author makes which of the following observations about scientific discovery?

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Since the first brain scanner was constructed several years ago, computed tomography or computed medical imagery, has become fairly widely used. Its rapid acceptance is due to the fact that it has overcome several of the drawbacks of conventional X-ray technology.To begin with, conventional two-dimensional X-ray pictures cannot show all of the information contained in a three-dimensional object. Things at different depths aresuper imposed, causing confusion to the viewer. Computed tomography can give three-dimensional information. The computer is able to reconstruct pictures of the body's interior by measuring the varying intensities of X-ray beams passing through sections of the body from hundreds of different angles. Such pictures are based on series of thin…slices".In addition, conventional X-ray generally differentiates only between bone and air, as in the chest and lungs. They cannot distinguish soft tissues or variations in tissues. The liver and pancreas are not discernible at all, and certain other organs max only be rendered visible through the use of radio opaque dye. Since computed tomography is much more sensitive, the soft tissues of the kidneys or the liver can be seen and clearly differentiated. This technique can also accurately measure different degrees of X-ray absorption, facilitating the study of the nature of' tissue.A third problem with conventional X-ray methods is their inability to measure quantitatively the separate densities of the individual substances through which the X-ray has passed. Only the mean absorption of all the tissues is recorded. This is not a problem with computed tomography. It can accurately locate a tumor and subsequently monitor the progress of radiation treatment, so that in addition to its diagnostic capabilities, it can play a significant role in therapy.1. Conventional X-rays mainly show the difference between()         .2. What kind of view is made possible by contiguous cross sections of the body?3. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared to conventional X-ray techniques, computed tomography is more()         .4.What is the author's attitude toward this new technique?5.According to the passage, computed tomography can be used for all of the following EXCEPT()         .

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In the course of the Scientific Revolution, attention was paid to the problem of establishing the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm. This creation of a scientific method was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world. Curiously enough, it was an Englishman with few scientific credentials who attempted to put forth a new method of acquiring knowledge that made an impact on English scientists in the seventeenth century and other European scientists in the eighteenth century. Francis Bacon(1561-1626), a lawyer and lord chancellor, rejected Copemicus and Keplet and misunderstood Galileo. And yet in his unfinished work The Great Instonararion (The Great Restoration), he called for his contemporaries "to commence a total reconstruction of sciences, arts, and all human knowledge, raised upon the proper foundations." Bacon did not doubt humans’ ability to know the natural world, but he believed that they had proceeded incorrectly "The entire fabric of human reason which we employ in the inquisition of nature is badly put together and built up, and like some magnificent structure without foundation."Bacon’s new foundation—a correct scientific method—was to be built on inductive principles. Rather than beginning with assumed first principles from which logical conclusions could be deduced, he urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general. From carefully organized experiments and systematic, thorough observations, correct generalizations could be developed. Bacon was clear about what he believed his method could accomplish. His concern was more for practical than for pure science. He stated that "the true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power. " He wanted science to contribute to the "mechanical arts" by creating devices that would benefit industry, agriculture, and trade. Bacon was prophetic when he said that "I am laboring to lay the foundation, not of any sect or doctrine, but of human utility and power." And how would this "human power" be used? To "conquer nature in action" The control and domination of nature became a central proposition of modern science and the technology that accompanied it. Only in the twentieth century did some scientists ask whether this assumption might not he at the heart of the modernecological crisis.

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Speech—the act of uttering sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human action. Like any other constantly repeated action, speaking has to be learned, but once it is learned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.As far as we can determine human beings do not need to be forced to speak; most babies scorn to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speechlike noises. How to speak and what to say are another matter altogether, These actions are learned from the particular society into which the baby is born; so that, like all conduct that is learned from a society—from the people around us—speech is a patterned activity.The meandering babble and chatter of a young child are eventually channeled by imitation into a few orderly grooves that represent the pattern accepted as meaningful by the people around him. Similarly, a child's indiscriminate practice of putting things into his mouth becomes limited to putting food into his mouth in a certain way.The sounds that a child can make are more varied and numerous than the sounds that any particular language utilizes. However, a child born into a society with a pattern of language is encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.1.For an adult the process of speaking usually involves()         .2.The selection says that most babies have an instinctive drive to()         .3.Conduct that is learned from a society may be called()         .4.The most important factor in a child's learning to speak probably is ().5.The sounds that a child is able to make are ().

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With the release of the Piano, a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-century New Zealand about a woman’s sexual awakening, the New Zealand—born Jane Campion has established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon the scene in recent years. The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics and moviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festivals top prize the Palme D’Or, making Campion the first woman over to be so honored. Campion's success is notable also because she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has made just three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shorts dating from her student days.Although Campion’s films appear at first glance to have little in common—her first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography of the new Zealand novelist Janet Frame-each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies' definitions of womanhood. According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano "gain much of its effectiveness from Campions directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with the sensitivity to feelings that made her last movie An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary." Also contributing to the film’s success was Campion's ability to induce fine performances from her character. "She directs actors differently from anyone I’ve ever known," Sam Neil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago Tribute"I always felt that there was a big safety net under the and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wanted to." Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supporting role of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jaures's novel The Portrait of a Lady.1.The passage is primarily concerned with ().2.According to the passage, Campion's three movies share which of the following characteristics?3.It can be concluded that Campion is regarded as one of the most talented filmmakers in recent years because()         .4.It can be inferred from the passage that Campion's directing style of the third movie()         .5.The author implies that Campion is different from other filmmakers in that( )   

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Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovating companies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that "good" products succeed while "bad" products fail. Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside.Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails. Mc Neal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrend, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failed.The nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumer's perception of the products need-satisfying capability. Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try the product. Often, attitude change is involved, and, in the extreme, changes in life-style may be sought.Here the company walks a tightrope, a new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns. The customer will make the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customers will often not go to the effort that is required. During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems. In 1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaign for Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both products failed quickly, not because they didn’t work or because there was no consumer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an already satisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.1.The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is()         .2.What are Tylenol and Neotrend?3.The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customer's perception of the product's ().4.What does the author mean when he says "the company walks a tightrope" (Sentence 1, paragraph 3)?5.Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because()         .

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By far the most important United States export product in the 18 and 19 centuries was cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber-or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower but is demanded long growing season, available only along the nations caster seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water, or stream, multiplied productivity further.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.1.The main point of the passage is that the 18 and 19 centuries were a time when  ()2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT()3. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its ().  4.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?  5.According to the passage, the Mississippi River was() .  

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Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at+50℃, while others can grow at-50℃, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the source of marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.1.What does paragraph one mainly discuss?2.Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi?3. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they()    .4. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT()         .5.The passage mentions "penicillin"(last line) as an example of ().

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The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobic, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in there primarily male enthusing. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females, Many current program focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness Program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activities and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.1.The word "spas"(Sentence 2, Paragraph 1) most probably refers to ().  2.Early fitness spas were intended mainly for() .  3.What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?  4. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out .  5. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ().  

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