题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A、to study
B、study
C、studied
D、studying
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更多“Tests provide grades, but they…”相关的问题
A．technical analysis outperforms the overall market．
B．technical analysis far outperforms the overall market, suggesting that stockbrokers provide valuable services．
C．technical analysis does not outperform the overall market．
D．technical analysis does not outperform the overall market, suggesting that stockbrokers do not provide services of any valu
E．
Robots May Allow Surgery in Space
Small robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perform. surgery on patients in space.
The tiny, wheeled robots, （51）are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case, can be slipped into small incisions(切口)and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations. Some robots are equipped（52）cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be（53）remotely.
“We think this is going to （54）open surgery, ”Dr Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference. Oleynikov is a （55）in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha.
Officials hope that NASA will teach（56）to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space.
On earth, the surgeons could control the robots themselves（57）other locations. For example, the robots could enable surgeons in other places to （58）on injured soldiers on the front line. Researchers plan tp seek federal regulatory（59）early nest year. Tests on animals have been successful, and tests on humans in England will begin very soon.
The camera-carrying robots can provide（60）of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver(操控)inside the body in ways surgeons' hands can't. The views from the camera-carrying robots are （61）than the naked eye, because they（62）back color images that are magnified(放大). Because several robots can be inserted through one incision, they could reduce the amount and （63）of cuts needed for surgery, which would decrease recovery time. This is particularly（64）to those patients who have been debilitated(使虚弱)by long illness.
Eventually, Oleynikov said, the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever（65）their hands in patients' bodies. “That's the goal, ”Oleynikov said. “It's getting easier and easier. We can do even more with these devices. ”
A．since
B．when
C．which
D．as
1、This passage is taken from a handbook for_____.
A.visiting scholars in American universities
B.working emigrants in America
C.American students who are going to study abroad
D.overseas students who want to study in American universities
2、The author intends to give some _____ to would-be overseas students in the US.
A.warnings
B.comments
C.suggestions
D.directions
3、What is the first thing you do in applying to an American university？()
A.To send school records
B.To write to ask for an application form.
C.To provide the TOEFL score report.
D.To supply reference letters
4、Which of the following is not needed for applying to study at an American university？()
A.Your school records.
B.English test score reports.
C.Reference letters
D.Your passport.
5、Which of the following statements is true of the overseas students in the States？ ()
A.They are not allowed to work in their spare time except in the summer.
B.They don’t need a permit from US Immigration to work in the summer.
C.Winter is the time when foreign students can work in their spare time.
High Stress May Damage Memory
According to a report issued in May 1998，elderly people who have consistently high b1ood levels of cortisol don’t score as well on memory tests as their peels with lower levels of the stress hormone．What’s more． high 1evels of cortisol are also associated with shrinking 0f the hippocampus，a region of the brain that plays a key role in learning and memory．The 6ndings suggest that even cortisol levels in the normal，“healthy” range can actually accelerate brain aging．
The study results “now provide substantial evidence that long—term exposure to adrenal stress hormones may promote hippocampal aging in normal elderly humans，”write Nada Porter and Philip Landfield of the University of Kentucky in Lexington in their editorial．Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress by the adrenal glands，which sit on top of the kidneys．
Over a 5 to 6一year period，Dr． Sonia Lupien and his colleagues measured 24一hour cortisol levels in 51 healthy volunteers，most of Whom were in their 70s．
Despite wide variation in cortisol levels．the participants could be divided into three Subgroups：those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently high（increasing／high）：those whose cortisol progressively increased over time and was currently moderate（increasing／moderate）；and subjects whose cortisol decreased，but Was currently moderate（decreasing／moderate）．
The researchers tested the volunteers’ memory on six people in the increasing／high category and five people in the decreasing／moderate group．The groups did not differ on tests of immediate memory，but the increasing／high cortisol group had other memory problems compared with those in the decreasing／moderate group．
The researchers also found that the total volume of the hippocampus in those in the increasing／high group was 14％ lower than those in the decreasing／moderate group，although there were no differences in 0ther brain regions．
The results suggest that brain aging Can be accelerated by levels of adrenal hormones that are not generally regarded as pathological and that variation within this normal range is related to variation in the rate of brain aging．”write Porter and Landfield．“This further suggests that chronic stress may accelerate the worsening of hippocampus．”
第 26 题 The part of the brain important for a person’s learning and memory is．
A．the cortisol．
B．the adrenal glands．
C．the stress hormones
D．the hippocampus．
Some schools in the U.S. add extra time to the school day or school year to______.
A．demand larger school budgets
B．make more money out of the students
C．help take care of young students
D．improve students academically
A.在grades表中创建外键约束
B.在grades表中创建检查约束
C.在grades表中创建唯一约束
D.在grades表中创建默认约束
To【2】the question of attribution requires the【3】of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on【4】maps or patterns of temperature change in【5】and in models. Pattern analysis is the cli-matologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned【6】, and makes it possible to achieve more definitive【7】of observed climate changes to a particular cause or causes.
The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform. warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole【8】cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful【9】technique.
The basic idea【10】pattern-based approaches is that different【11】causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to 【12】a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change【13】by models and those actually observed.
The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible【14】on global climate and that these activities will have an increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are【15】the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric【16】of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the【17】of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the【18】of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the【19】of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climatic effects of these particles began only recently and the overall【20】is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
(1)
A．incensed
B．personify
C．interact
D．predicted
Colleges taking another look at value of merit-based aid
Good grades and high tests scores still matter—a lot—to many colleges as they award financial aid.
But with low-income students projected to make up an ever-larger share of the college-bound population in coming years, some schools are re-examining whether that aid, typically known as “merit aid”, is the most effective use of precious institutional dollars.
George Washington University in Washington, D.C., for example, said last week that it would cut the value of its average merit scholarships by about one-third and reduce the number of recipients（接受者）, pouring the savings, about $2.5 million, into need-based aid. Allegheny College in Meadville, Pa., made a similar decision three years ago.
Now, Hamilton College in Clinton, N.Y., says it will phase out merit scholarships altogether. No current merit-aid recipients will lose their scholarships, but need-based aid alone will be awarded beginning with students entering in fall 2008.
Not all colleges offer merit aid; generally, the more selective a school, the less likely it is to do so. Harvard and Princeton, for example, offer generous need-based packages, but many families who don’t meet need eligibility（资格）have been willing to pay whatever they must for a big-name school.
For small regional colleges that struggle just to fill seats, merit aid can be an important revenue-builder because many recipients still pay enough tuition dollars over and above the scholarship amount to keep the institution running.
But for rankings-conscious schools in between, merit aid has served primarily as a tool to recruit top students and to improve their academic profits. “They’re trying to buy students,” says Skidmore College economist Sandy Baum.
Studies show merit aid also tends to benefit disproportionately students who could afford to enroll without it.
“As we look to the future, we see a more pressing need to invest in need-based aid,” says Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, which has offered merit scholarships for 10 years. During that time, it rose in US News & World Report’s ranking of the best liberal arts colleges, from 25 to 17.
Merit aid, which benefited about 75 students a year, or about 4% of its student body, at a cost of about $ 1 million a year, “served us well,” Inzer says, but “to be discounting the price for families that don’t need financial aid doesn’t feel right any more.”
Need-based aid remains by far the largest share of all student aid, which includes state, federal and institutional grants. But merit aid, offered primarily by schools and states, is growing faster, both overall and at the institutional level.
Between 1995-96 and 2003-04, institutional merit aid alone increased 212%, compared with 47% for need-based grants. At least 15 states also offer merit aid, typically in a bid to enroll top students in the state’s public institutions.
But in recent years, a growing chorus（异口同声）of critics has begun pressuring schools to drop the practice. Recent decisions by Hamilton and others may be “a sign that people are starting to realize that there’s this destructive competition going on,” says Baum, co-author of a recent College Report that raises concerns about the role of institutional aid not based on need.
David Laird, president of the Minnesota Private College Council, says many of his schools would like to reduce their merit aid but fear that in doing so, they would lose top students to their competitors.
“No one can take one-sided action,” says Laird, who is exploring whether to seek an exemption（豁免）from federal anti-trust laws so member colleges can discuss how they could jointly reduce merit aid, “This is a merry-go-round that’s going very fast, and none of the institutions believe they can sustain the risks of trying to break away by themselves.”
A complicating factor is that merit aid has become so popular with middle-income families, who don’t qualify for need-based aid, that many have come to depend on it. And, as tuitions continue to increase, the line between merit and need blurs.
That’s one reason Allegheny College doesn’t plan to drop merit aid entirely.
“We still believe in rewarding superior achievements and know that these top students truly value the scholarship,” says Scott Friedhoff, Allegheny’s vice president for enrollment.
Emory University in Atlanta, which boasts a $4.7 billion endowment（捐赠）, meanwhile, is taking another approach. This year, it announced it would eliminate loans for needy students and cap them for middle-income families. At the same time, it would expand its 28-year-old merit program.
“Yeah, we’re playing the merit game,” acknowledges Tom Lancaster, associate dean for undergraduate education. But it has its strong point, too, he says. “The fact of the matter is, it’s not just about the lowest-income people. It’s the average American middle-class family who’s being priced out of the market.”
＊A few words about merit-based aid:
Merit-based aid is aid offered to students who achieve excellence in a given area, and is generally known as academic, athletic and artistic merit scholarships.
Academic merit scholarships are based on students’ grades, GPA and overall academic performance during high school. They are typically meant for students going straight to college right after high school. However, there are scholarships for current college students with exceptional grades as well. These merit scholarships usually help students pay tuition bills, and they can be renewed each year as long as the recipients continue to qualify. In some cases, students may need to be recommended by their school or a teacher as part of the qualification process.
Athletic merit scholarships are meant for students that excel（突出）in sports of any kind, from football to track and field events. Recommendation for these scholarships is required, since exceptional athletic performance has to be recognized by a coach or a referee（裁判）. Applicants need to send in a tape containing their best performance.
Artistic merit scholarships require that applicants excel in a given artistic area. This generally includes any creative field such as art, design, fashion, music, dance or writing. Applying for artistic merit scholarships usually requires that students submit a portfolio（选辑）of some sort, whether that includes a collection of artwork, a recording of a musical performance or a video of them dancing.
1. With more and more low-income students pursuing higher education, a number of colleges are ________.
A) offering students more merit-based aid B) revising their financial aid policies
C) increasing the amount of financial aid D) changing their admission processes
2. What did Allegheny College in Meadville do three years ago？
A) It tried to implement a novel financial aid program.
B) It added $ 2.5 million to its need-based aid program.
C) It phased out its merit-based scholarships altogether.
D) It cuts its merit-based aid to help the needy students.
3. The chief purpose of rankings-conscious colleges in offering merit aid is to ______.
A) improve teaching quality B) boost their enrollments
C) attract good students D) increase their revenues
4. Monica Inzer, dean of admission and financial aid at Hamilton, believes ______.
A) it doesn’t pay to spend $ 1 million a year to raise its ranking
B) it gives students motivation to award academic achievements
C) it’s illogical to use so much money on only 4% of its students
D) it’s not right to give aid to those who can afford the tuition
5. In recent years, merit-based aid has increased much faster than need-based aid due to ______.
A) more government funding to colleges B) fierce competition among institutions
C) the increasing number of top students D) schools’ improved financial situations
6. What is the attitude of many private colleges toward merit aid, according to David Laird？
A) They would like to see it reduced.
B) They regard it as a necessary evil.
C) They think it does more harm than good.
D) They consider it unfair to middle-class families.
7. Why doesn’t Allegheny College plan to drop merit aid entirely？
A) Raising tuitions have made college unaffordable for middle-class families.
B) With rising incomes, fewer students are applying for need-based aid.
C) Many students from middle-income families have come to rely on it.
D) Rising incomes have disqualified many students for need-based aid.
8. Annual renewal of academic merit scholarships depends on whether the recipients remain ______.
9. Applicants for athletic merit scholarships need a recommendation from a coach or a referee who ______ their exceptional athletic performance.
10. Applicants for artistic merit scholarships must produce evidence to show their ______ in a particular artistic field.
A、That is
B、So that is
C、It is
D、So it is
