考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百二十六）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country's antipoverty program.In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They're already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 — including during Indonesia's phase-in of the antipoverty program — in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what's good for people may also be good value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.1.According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to （  ）.2.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that （  ）.3.In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out （  ）.4.According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that （  ）. 5.What is the text centered on?

问题1

A、facilitate health care reform

B、help poor families get better off

C、improve local education systems

D、lower deforestation rates

问题2

A、cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the pool

B、CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles

C、antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers

D、economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation

问题3

A、its acceptance level of CCTs

B、its annual rate of poverty alleviation

C、the relation of CCTs to its forest loss

D、the role of its forests in climate change

问题4

A、it will benefit other Asian countries

B、it will reduce regional inequality

C、it can protect the environment

D、it can boost grain production

问题5

A、The effects of a program.

B、The debates over a program.

C、The process of a study.

D、The transferability of a study.

2、As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and – since I started posting them on Twitter – they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of "Smiling Victorians" makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular "pearly whites" was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll's gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.1.According to paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter（  ）.2.What does author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?3.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?4.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was（  ）.5.Which of the following questions does the text answer?

问题1

A、changed people's impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media's role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorians notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

问题2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

问题3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

问题4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

问题5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs.

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs.

C、What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period.

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm.

3、States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a a statement, "businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”1.The Supreme Court decision Thursday will（  ）.2.It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions（  ）.3.According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has（  ）.4.Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling（  ）.5.In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author（  ）.

问题1

A、endetter business' revolutions with states

B、put most online business in a dilemma

C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D、forces some states to cut sales tax

问题2

A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B、have cost consumers a lot over the years

C、were widely criticized by online purchases

D、were considered up favorable by states

问题3

A、hindered economic development

B、brought prosperity to the country

C、harmed fair market competition

D、boosted growth in states revenue

问题4

A、Internet entrepreneurs

B、Big-chain owners

C、Third-party sellers

D、Small retailers

问题5

A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B、describes the long and complicated process of its making

C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D、cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

4、Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. （1）a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can（2）it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this（3）should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure（4）to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has（5）a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked（6）high temperatures.This means that people should （7）crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only（8）toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? （9）studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no（10）evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is "（11）to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. （12）the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is（13）to follow the FSA advice.（14）, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a（15）.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be（16）upon Sunday along side some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living?（17）, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods（18）, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their（19）risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just（20）with no one listening.

问题1

A、In

B、Towards

C、On

D、Till

问题2

A、match

B、express

C、satisfy

D、influence

问题3

A、patience

B、enjoyment

C、surprise

D、concern

问题4

A、intensified

B、privileged

C、compelled

D、guaranteed

问题5

A、issued

B、received

C、ignored

D、canceled

问题6

A、under

B、at

C、for

D、by

问题7

A、forget

B、regret

C、finish

D、avoid

问题8

A、partially

B、regularly

C、easily

D、initially

问题9

A、Unless

B、Since

C、If

D、While

问题10

A、secondary

B、external

C、inconclusive

D、negative

问题11

A、insufficient

B、bound

C、likely

D、slow

问题12

A、On the basis of

B、At the cost of

C、In addition to

D、In contrast to

问题13

A、interesting

B、advisable

C、urgent

D、fortunate

问题14

A、As usual

B、In particular

C、By definition

D、After all

问题15

A、resemblance

B、combination

C、connection

D、pattern

问题16

A、made

B、served

C、saved

D、used

问题17

A、To be fair

B、For instance

C、To be brief

D、In general

问题18

A、reluctantly

B、entirely

C、gradually

D、carefully

问题19

A、promise

B、experience

C、campaign

D、competition

问题20

A、follow up

B、pick up

C、open up

D、end up

5、①Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. ②It  1     in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then   2     starts to slowly decline as we age. ③But    3          aging is inevitable, scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be. ①One study found that muscle loss and the   4     of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. ②This suggests the  5     that lifestyle factors might help prevent or   6    this type of decline. ①The researchers looked at data that  7       measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and   8   that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. ②They found that middle-aged people   9  higher measures of abdominal fat   10      worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the  years       11    . ①For women, the association may be    12  to changes in immunity that resulted from     excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be  13   . ②It is hoped that  future studies could    14     these differences and perhaps lead to different     15     for men and women. ①    16   , there are steps you can  17  to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental    18    . ②The two    highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your   19      of      aerobic  exercise  and  following  a  Mediterranean-style  20   that  is  high  in  fiber  and eliminates highly processed foods.

问题1

A、pauses

B、returns

C、peaks

D、fades

问题2

A、alternatively

B、formally

C、accidentally

D、generally

问题3

A、while

B、since

C、once

D、until

问题4

A、detection

B、accumulation

C、consumption

D、separation

问题5

A、possibility

B、decision

C、goal

D、requirement

问题6

A、delay

B、ensure

C、seek

D、utilize

问题7

A、modified

B、supported

C、included

D、predicted

问题8

A、devoted

B、compared

C、converted

D、applied

问题9

A、with

B、above

C、by

D、against

问题10

A、lived

B、managed

C、scored

D、played

问题11

A、ran out

B、set off

C、drew in

D、went by

问题12

A、superior

B、attributable

C、parallel

D、resistant

问题13

A、restored

B、isolated

C、involved

D、controlled

问题14

A、alter

B、spread

C、remove

D、explain

问题15

A、compensations

B、symptoms

C、demands

D、treatments

问题16

A、Likewise

B、Meanwhile

C、Therefore

D、Instead

问题17

A、change

B、watch

C、count

D、take

问题18

A、well-being

B、process

C、formation

D、coordination

问题19

A、level

B、love

C、knowledge

D、space

问题20

A、design

B、routine

C、diet

D、prescription