考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百二十三）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But more and more studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. Instead, the research finds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, “Progress in Brain Research.”Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer’s disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful. “It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing,” said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. “It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind.”For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean, older people slow down even more when the words are related to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students.“For the young people, it’s as if the distraction never happened.” said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. “But for older adults, because they’ve retained all this extra data, they’re now suddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they’ve soaked up from one situation to another.”In the real world, such tendencies can yield big advantages, where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or suggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others’ yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker’s real impact.1.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that____2.Older adults tend to be forgetful because of____3.The studies mentioned in paragraph 3 show that____4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?5.The text intends to tell us that____

问题1

A、aging brains tend to process more information simultaneously.

B、one will become forgetful when he gets old.

C、older people don’t think their brainpower is falling.

D、the aged always stress long-term benefit.

问题2

A、their wide information.

B、the harm of Alzheimer’s disease.

C、their broader range of attention.

D、their frustration from limited attention.

问题3

A、out-of-place words are never negligible.

B、it is advisable for the old to read slowly.

C、there is nothing that can distract young people.

D、old people may be more attentive in face of distractions.

问题4

A、The forgetfulness of the old people turns to be their advantages.

B、The meaning of a point in a memo is changing anytime.

C、Wide attention is actually valuable in daily life.

D、Extra details influence one’s focus of attention.

问题5

A、brains do deteriorate with age.

B、an older brain may be a wiser brain.

C、a brain with disease is a brain with wisdom.

D、how an older brain processes information.

2、Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain. Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called “drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking” emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.1.Freud believed that aggression and libido____2.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?3.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive____4.According to Mark Solms, dreaming____5.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____

问题1

A、were the only two sources of psychic energy.

B、could sometimes surface in our conscious life.

C、affected our behaviour unconsciously.

D、could appear clearly in our dreams.

问题2

A、Emotion.

B、Lust.

C、Seeking.

D、Urge.

问题3

A、originates in the limbic system.

B、involves parts of the forebrain.

C、controls how we respond to stimulus.

D、exists in many other animals.

问题4

A、takes place during the whole sleeping period.

B、involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.

C、is closely related to the “seeking” emotion.

D、starts at the same time as libido appears.

问题5

A、have long been discredited.

B、provide good guide for further research.

C、are placed in the same category.

D、are concerned about human being.

3、boom 

A、 adj. 不同的；另一个（人）

B、 adj. 令人尴尬的，使人难堪的；难对付的，难处理的；不方便的；产生困难的，危险的；笨拙的，不舒适的

C、 adj. 知道，意识到，明白；察觉到，发觉，发现；对……有兴趣的，有……意识的

D、 n. 激增，繁荣；突然风靡的时期；深沉的响声；水栅；v. 轰鸣，轰响；以低沉有力的声音说；迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛

4、Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. ___1___ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly  ___2___ to live shorter lives. This suggests that  ___3___ bulbs burn longer, that there is an  ___4___ in not being too terrifically bright.    Intelligence, it  ___5___ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow  ___6___ the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual  ___7___ — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to  ___8___ .    Is there an adaptive value to ___9___ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance ___10___ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ___11___ of our own intelligence might be. This is ___12___ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.    Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would ___13___ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, ___14___ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that ___15___ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ___16___ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ___17___ , not merely how much of it there is. ___18___ , they would hope to study a ___19___ question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? ___20___ the results are inconclusive.

问题1

A、Suppose

B、Consider

C、Observe

D、Imagine

问题2

A、tended

B、feared

C、happened

D、threatened

问题3

A、thinner

B、stabler

C、lighter

D、dimmer

问题4

A、tendency

B、advantage

C、inclination

D、priority

问题5

A、insists on

B、sums up

C、turns out

D、puts forward

问题6

A、off

B、behind

C、over

D、along

问题7

A、incredible

B、spontaneous

C、inevitable

D、gradual

问题8

A、fight

B、doubt

C、stop

D、think

问题9

A、invisible

B、limited

C、indefinite

D、different

问题10

A、upward

B、forward

C、afterward

D、backward

问题11

A、features

B、influences

C、results

D、costs

问题12

A、outside

B、on

C、by

D、across

问题13

A、deliver

B、carry

C、perform

D、apply

问题14

A、by chance

B、in contrast

C、as usual

D、for instance

问题15

A、if

B、unless

C、as

D、lest

问题16

A、moderate

B、overcome

C、determine

D、reach

问题17

A、at

B、for

C、after

D、with

问题18

A、Above all

B、After all

C、However

D、Otherwise

问题19

A、fundamental

B、comprehensive

C、equivalent

D、hostile

问题20

A、By accident

B、In time

C、So far

D、Better still

5、People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that      1      the ability tomake judgments which are unbiased by       2        factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big       3        was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.       4        , he theorised that a judge       5        of appearing too soft       6        crime might be more likely to send someone to prison       7        he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.    To       8        this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the       9        of an applicant should not depend on the few others       10        randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was       11        .    He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews       12        by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had       13        applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale       14        numerous factors into consideration. The scores were       15        used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is       16        out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.    Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one       17        that, then the score for the next applicant would       18        by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to       19        the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been       20        .

问题1

A、grants

B、submits

C、transmits

D、delivers

问题2

A、minor

B、objective

C、crucial

D、external

问题3

A、issue

B、vision

C、picture

D、moment

问题4

A、Above all

B、For example

C、In principle

D、On average

问题5

A、fond

B、fearful

C、capable

D、thoughtless

问题6

A、in

B、for

C、to

D、on

问题7

A、if

B、until

C、though

D、unless

问题8

A、test

B、share

C、emphasize

D、promote

问题9

A、status

B、quality

C、decision

D、success

问题10

A、found

B、studied

C、chosen

D、identified

问题11

A、defensible

B、otherwise

C、replaceable

D、exceptional

问题12

A、inspired

B、expressed

C、secure

D、conducted

问题13

A、rated

B、assigned

C、matched

D、arranged

问题14

A、put

B、got

C、took

D、gave

问题15

A、instead

B、rather

C、ever

D、then

问题16

A、selected

B、passed

C、marked

D、introduced

问题17

A、below

B、before

C、above

D、after

问题18

A、jump

B、float

C、drop

D、fluctuate

问题19

A、undo

B、achieve

C、maintain

D、disregard

问题20

A、possible

B、necessary

C、promising

D、helpful