2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解（五）

本文提供2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 20It is the first worldwide epidemic ____1____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.    The heightened alert ____2____ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising ____3____ in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.    But the epidemic is“ ____4____ ”in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization’s director general, ____5____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the ____6____ of any medical treatment.    The outbreak came to global ____7____ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths ____8____ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to ____9____ in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.    In the United States, new cases seemed to fade ____10____ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was ____11____ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the ____12____ tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has ____13____ more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.    Federal health officials ____14____ Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began ____15____ orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those ____17____ doses were of the Flu Mist nasal spray type, which is not ____18____ for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other ____19____ . But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people ____20____ infants and healthy young people.

问题1

A、criticized

B、appointed

C、commented

D、designated

问题2

A、proceeded

B、activated

C、followed

D、prompted

问题3

A、digits

B、numbers

C、amounts

D、sums

问题4

A、moderate

B、normal

C、unusual

D、extreme

问题5

A、with

B、in

C、from

D、by

问题6

A、progress

B、absence

C、presence

D、favor

问题7

A、reality

B、phenomenon

C、concept

D、notice

问题8

A、over

B、for

C、among

D、to

问题9

A、stay up

B、crop up

C、fill up

D、cover up

问题10

A、as

B、if

C、unless

D、until

问题11

A、excessive

B、enormous

C、significant

D、magnificent

问题12

A、categories

B、examples

C、patterns

D、samples

问题13

A、imparted

B、immerse

C、injected

D、infected

问题14

A、released

B、relayed

C、relieved

D、remained

问题15

A、placing

B、delivering

C、taking

D、giving

问题16

A、feasible

B、available

C、reliable

D、applicable

问题17

A、prevalent

B、principal

C、innovative

D、initial

问题18

A、presented

B、restricted

C、recommended

D、introduced

问题19

A、problems

B、issues

C、agonies

D、sufferings

问题20

A、involved in

B、caring for

C、concerned with

D、warding off

2、Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors—habits—among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.    “There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,”said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”    The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to—Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever—had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.    If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day—chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins—are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.    A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.    “Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”    Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.1、According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap ____.2、Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to ____.3、Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?4、From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to ____.5、The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is ____.

问题1

A、should be further cultivated

B、should be changed gradually

C、are deeply rooted in history

D、are basically private concerns

问题2

A、reveal their impact on people’s habits

B、show the urgent need of daily necessities

C、indicate their effect on people’s buying power

D、manifest the significant role of good habits

问题3

A、Tide.

B、Crest.

C、Colgate.

D、Unilever.

问题4

A、perfected art of products

B、automatic behavior creation

C、commercial promotions

D、scientific experiments

问题5

A、indifferent

B、negative

C、positive

D、biased

3、The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70 million, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.    The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.    In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200 million in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.    The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”    What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.1、In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory”because _____.2、By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1~2, Para. 3), the author suggests that ____.3、Which of the following statements is NOT true?4、The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____.5、The most appropriate title for this text could be ____.

问题1

A、the art market had witnessed a succession of victories

B、the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids

C、Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces

D、it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

问题2

A、collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions

B、people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries

C、art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

D、works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

问题3

A、Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.

B、The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.

C、The art market generally went downward in various ways.

D、Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.

问题4

A、auction houses’ favorites

B、contemporary trends

C、factors promoting artwork circulation

D、styles representing Impressionists

问题5

A、Fluctuation of Art Prices

B、Up-to-date Art Auctions

C、Art Market in Decline

D、Shifted Interest in Arts

4、I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”    This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havocwith marriage.    The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year—a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.    In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: “He doesn’t listen to me,” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.    In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.1、What is most wives’ main expectation of their husbands?2、Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means ____.3、All of the following are true EXCEPT ____.4、Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?5、In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ____.

问题1

A、Talking to them.

B、Trusting them.

C、Supporting their careers.

D、Sharing housework.

问题2

A、generating motivation

B、exerting influence

C、causing damage

D、creating pressure

问题3

A、men tend to talk more in public than women

B、nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation

C、women attach much importance to communication between couples

D、a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse

问题4

A、The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.

B、Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.

C、Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.

D、Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.

问题5

A、a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk

B、a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon

C、other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.

D、a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

5、Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative orient. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.    But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other anti-discrimination laws.    The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.    In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.1、From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ____.2、The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed ____.3、Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because ____.4、After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, ____.5、In discussing the U.S. jury system, the text centers on ____.

问题1

A、both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries

B、defendants are immune from trial by their peers

C、no age limit should be imposed for jury service

D、judgment should consider the opinion of the public

问题2

A、the inadequacy of anti-discrimination laws

B、the prevalent discrimination against certain races

C、the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

D、the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges

问题3

A、they were automatically banned by state laws

B、they fell far short of the required qualifications

C、they were supposed to perform domestic duties

D、they tended to evade public engagement

问题4

A、sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished

B、educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors

C、jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community

D、states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system

问题5

A、its nature and problems

B、its characteristics and tradition

C、its problems and their solutions

D、its tradition and development

6、Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel    Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.    The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.    When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.    There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy airtraffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.    It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to coordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight.    As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.1、Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.2、The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.3、Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers cannot see the other planes.4、The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.5、It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America's ar,ed forces once triedformation flight to save fuel.

问题1

A、T

B、F

问题2

A、T

B、F

问题3

A、T

B、F

问题4

A、T

B、F

问题5

A、T

B、F

1、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:A;第6题:B;第7题:D;第8题:C;第9题:B;第10题:A;第11题:C;第12题:D;第13题:D;第14题:A;第15题:C;第16题:B;第17题:D;第18题:C;第19题:A;第20题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

上文提到 “... was declared a global epidemic...” 根据declare的逻辑（"宣布为"），可知应该选D项designated“命名，制定”，而不是C项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。

本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。本句的理解应该抓住alert、meeting 和 a sharp rise三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert并非是meeting的原因，而是结果，即meeting使得alert升级。根据上述分析可以排除B.D选项，B项activated“激活，激起"，D项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert导致了meeting的召开。而C项followed意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after的逻辑，完全满足本句rise之后是meeting，meeting之后是alert的逻辑，所以是正确项。而A项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑用在此处都不合适。

本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain...对应前面的in Australia所以空格处rising应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。A项digits “（阿拉伯）数字”，不表示数量，不能与rising形成搭配：C项amounts“数量"，常修饰不可数名词（此处指的是cases，可数名词）：D项sums“金额，款项”，不能用于表达“病例数”.B项numbers“数量”，修饰可数名词（如：large numbers of cases大量的病例），符合题意。

此处句子开头的"But”是重要的逻辑线索，与上文意思（第二段）形成对比反差。上文的关键性表达如“heightened alert”、"emergency meeting"和"a sharp rise in cases"都在讲述猪流感的严重性，所以根据But和in severity，可知空格处应该是“不严重或缓和”的逻辑。

But the epidemic is"moderate"in severity，...5..... patients experiencing...symptoms and... recovery...，本句的划线部分是句子主干（主系表），逗号后面的表达是包含有逻辑主语patients和逻辑谓语experiencing的独立主格结构（symptoms and.recovery是逻辑宾语），根据语法原理，只有介词with才可以引导独立主格，所以选A，再比如：She sat there，with tears streaming down her face.“她坐在那里，泪流满面”。

根据出处句中...in the _____ of...这个搭配，可排除A、D项，答案应该选B、C项中的一个。B项in the absence of“缺乏，不存在"，例如The case was dismissed in the absence of any definite proof.“此案因缺乏确凿证据不予受理”，符合句意，为正确答案。C项in the presence of 逻辑相反，意思是“存在……的情况下”，例如，The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses.“本文件是在两位证人的见证下签署的”。

根据出处句中.come to global_____...这个搭配，可排除B.C项，答案应该选A.D项中的一个。A项come to reality 指“成为现实"：D项come to notice 为“受到关注”，根据文章语境，D项为正确答案。

an unusual large number of hospitalizations and deaths _____ healthy adults，空格前意思“极其众多的住院和死亡案例”，空格后意思“健康的成年人”不难看出，前者和后者是被包含与包含的逻辑关系，所以选C项among“在……中”。其他三个选项：A项over“覆盖；超过”等：B项for“对于；因为”等：D项to“朝向；对于”等，均不能表示“包含”的逻辑关系。

上文（本段首句）提到The outbreak came to global notice"这场瘟疫的爆发引起了全球性关注”，接着本句阐述说“不仅在墨西哥该病例让人很惊慌，而且它开始在纽约、美国西南部，以及世界各地开始出现"。所以，此处空格应该是“出现”之意。A项stay up“熬夜"，C项fill up“填满。装满”，D项cover up“盖住：掩盖”，上述三项的意思无法体现所需逻辑需要，而B项crop up 的意思正是“突然出现，大量出现"，所以选B。

...new cases seemed to fade _____ warmer weather arrived，本句中下划线部分是主干，斜体部分是状语从句，空格处的连词选择取决于前后主从句的逻辑关系。不难看出从句部分“温暖天气的来临”自身有明显的时间概念，所以可重点关注A.D两项。A项as“随着”，代入本句，逻辑是“随着天气转暖，新的病例似乎逐渐减少”，没有任何瑕疵。D项until“直到……时”，选本项有一个逻辑要求，即主句的谓语动词必须有“持续”之意，如He sat there until I returned.“他坐在那，一直到我回来”，而此句主干部分的动词seemed to fade不能表示这种“持续”，不能说“新的病例似乎减少到天气转暖的时候”.B项if“如果”和C项unless“除非”均表示“假设或条件”，代入空格形成完整句子的逻辑存在明显问题。

本句开头的But提示本句和上文信息逻辑相反，上文讲“病例似乎逐渐减少”（fade），所以本句空白处应该是意义相反的词义。A项excessive“过多的，过度的"，B项 enormous“巨大的，庞大的"，c项significant"显著的，明显的"（注：此处不应理解为“重要的，有意义的"），D项magnificent“壮观的”，根据句意“官方报道说几乎每个州的流感发作都很……"，答案显然选C。

此处空白所填词义需满足两个条件：（1）与tested构成动宾逻辑；（2）与the new swine flu构成主表逻辑。A项categories“（人或事物）种类，类别”，C项patterns“模式，样式”，此两项含义显然不能满足上述逻辑条件，B项examples“例子”和D项samples“样品，样本”相互干扰较大，这是因为两者形相似义相近（注：答案常蕴含在这种关系的选项中）。但能符合上述条件（1）和（2），含义为“几乎所有检测的都是新的猪流感”的只能是D项。

从该句后半部分的“and caused more than 600 deaths.”可看出，空白处的动词应与后面的caused（“引起”）是因果逻辑关系。此外，空白处的动词还与前面的 it（指代“猪流感"）构成主谓逻辑关系。A项 imparted“告知/传授：给予”，例如：to impart news to the press“向新闻透露消息”。B项immersed“使……浸役”例如：The child immersed his head in water.“这个孩子将脑袋没入了水中”；C项injected“射，打针”。此三项显然无法满足上述的逻辑条件。D项infected“感染，传染”和C项injected形相近（注：答案常蕴含在这种关系的选项中），并且满足“它已经感染了……并引起……”这样的逻辑条件，所以选D。

根据for children 和from the national stockpile两个介词短语的逻辑可知children是Tamiflu的接受者，而the national stockpile 是Tamiflu的来源出处，此外，空白处动词与Federal health officials形成主谓逻辑，同时和Tamiflu形成动宾逻辑。综上所述，A项released“释放，发行”可引申为此句所需的逻辑“发放”以满足上述条件，即“联邦政府的卫生官员从贮备中发放 Tamiflu 疫苗给儿童”：B项 relayed“接替；转接"：C项relieved“缓解"：D项remained"依然是，剩余”。此三项无法满足上述逻辑条件。

本句话中began to _____ orders from the states的动作发出者是Federal health officials，结合介词from，它和the states 的逻辑关系应是“卫生部官员接受各州的订单”，而非“卫生部官员向各州下订单”，所以只能选C项。

下文信息（下句）More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009 “到2009年10月初，300多万剂新疫苗就能生产出来”，此句信息实际上是空白出处句的具体扩展，逻辑高度对应：The new vaccine 对应More than three million doses，ahead of expectation 对应in early October 2009，所以is _____正好对应were to be made available。B项available“可得到的，可获得的”，根据上述思路，它显然属于同词的复现呼应，是正确选项。

本题考查逻辑对应。前文提到新研发出了一批疫苗来对抗猪流感，空格处继续对新疫苗的特征进行描述（不能用于孕妇……），所以空格处所填词汇应该和new是同义词。D项initial“最初的，开始的”，和new属于同义词，显然属于同义词复现呼应，是正确项。A项prevalent“流行的，盛行的"，B项principal“主要的”和C项innovative“革新的"，不符合上下文同词复现的条件。

下文信息（下句）的But是重要的逻辑线索（But it was still possible to.）根据此处的still possible可知：空格处的逻辑应和 possible（此处理解为“可行的”）是同义词关系。C项recommended“被推荐的”显然和possible“可行的”属于同义词的复现呼应。

应该关注本句中的并列连词or，根据出处信息 ...those（with breathing difficulties，heart disease or several other  19 ）中的or和other可知：difficulties，disease和空格词汇属近义词关系。A项 problems“问题”，此词的含义具有一定的宽泛性（即概括性），不仅在逻辑上包含difficulties和disease，又与它们属于近义词的复现呼应，所以是正确答案。B项issues“问题”，但仅指争论的问题，如“议题"：C项agonies和D项sufferings 都表示“痛苦”，根据四选一的原则，两项应属被排除的对象。

根据出处句信息的and可知：health care workers，people 20 infants和healthy young people是并列关系，因此三者属近义的逻辑。再根据前面的care，以及常用到的同义词复现呼应原理，可知应该选B项caring for“照顾，照料”。

2、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:A;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

文章第二段"There are fundamental public health problems，... how to change people's habits"提到“一些基本的公众健康问题之所以对生命造成威胁，仅仅是因为我们没弄明白如何去改变人们的习惯"由此可知，如果我们搞清楚如何改变人们的习惯，不用香皂洗手这样的问题就不会造成威胁，因此对用香皂洗手这样的习惯应该加以培养。所以A项为正确答案。B项是对文中"change people's habits"改变人们习惯的误解，故排除。C项在文中没有提到，也应排除。D项与原文中的表述不一致，文中提到"fundamental public health problems"也就是说用香皂洗手这样的习惯是公众问题，而不是个人的问题，故排除。

本段属于典型的举例段落，根据例证题的解答思路，本题答案应该在上段寻找。阅读上段信息得知后两句同样在举例子，所以本题目的最终定位应该是第四段的首句：If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day are results of manufactured habits，由此得知“许多产品的使用都是被制造出的习惯”，因此举诸多产品为例目的就是阐述“人们很多习惯的改变”，所以A项为正确答案。B项中的urgent need 在文中没有体现；C项中的buying power 在文中也没有体现，此两项属无中生有；D项中的good habits 显然是错误的标志，作者只是客观阐述产品对人们习惯的影响，没有评论这些习惯的好坏。

由文章第六段".Tide，Crest，and other products.Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives"可知，Tide, Crest and other products 可以帮助顾客养成良好的习惯，而Unilever虽然文中有提，但它是公司名称，并不是产品名称。所以D项为正确选项。结合常识Colgate 和Crest 都是牙膏，也应该可以帮助人们养成良好的习惯。所以A.B.C项都不是正确选项。

本章最后一段第一句话中的"there is power in trying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising"是理解的关键。"through ruthless advertising"充分说明人们某些消费习惯的养成深受无情的广告的影响。综合文章前面的论述，广告产品对人们的影响很大，所以C项为正确答案。A.B项是文章第一句中“完善建立自动行为的艺术”的错误理解，故排除；D项出自尾段首句Through experiments and observation这是社会学家所发现的途径，和问题无关。

文章的最后一句话的"As this new science of habit has emerged，controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods."是理解的关键。"controversies have erupted"众多争议产生，"sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods"出售有质疑的美容产品或是不健康的食品，综合两者可知广告对人们习惯的影响引起了众多争论，而且许多广告宣传的产品不真实。由此推出，作者的观点是否定的。所以B项为正确答案。c项与坐着的意思相反，应排除。文章的大部分内容是论述柯蒂斯博士的研究，没有发表自己的观点，因此A项错误。D项在文中体现不出来，故排除。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

根据"In the first paragraph”和信号词"a last victory"可回文定位到首段倒数第二句"It was a last victory".答案应该在首段的尾句中寻找：As the auctioneer called out bids，Lehman Brothers，filed for bankruptcy.“就在拍卖师喊出报价时，……雷曼兄弟申请破产”。该句中提到的银行破产与D项中的“金融危机”相吻合。题干中的“a last victory”显而易见是指金融危机前的最后一次成功的拍卖，所以D项为正确答案。A项“艺术品市场经历了一系列的成功的交易”，B项“拍卖人最终以高价得到了两件作品”和C项“.我脑海中永存的美丽，赢了所有大作”在文章中都没有提到，均属无中生有。

根据"Line 1-2，Para.3"和信号词"spending-became deeply unfashionable"可回文定位到第三段首句"In the weeks and months-，spending-became deeply unfashionable"，鉴于本题是句子推断题，所以思路应该是关注定位信息的上下文，而此题的信息定位是段首句，因此应优先关注段内的下文信息，"In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms."“在艺术品领域，这意味着艺术家远离了画廊和销售店”。很显然，这指的是收藏家不再花钱购买艺术品了，即他们不再参与艺术品市场的拍卖了，所以 D项为正确答案。B项的people 和every kind of spending表达的逻辑范围过大，有绝对化的味道.C，D两项逻辑意思相近，都是说“艺术品不再时尚”，文章没有提及所以均应排除。

本题是事实细节题，这种题，题干往往缺乏信号词，所以需要对选项一一回文定位，加以对照和判断。B项的最强烈信号莫过于momentum，此词可回文定位到第二段的首句：The world art market had already been losing momentum?，但无论此句还是文章其他部分都没有提及"surpassed many other industries"，所以此项为无中生有的错误项，所以B项为正确答案。A项可回文定位到第二段的二、三句：At its peak in 2007 it was worth some s 65 billion.Since then it may have come down to $50 billion.所以A项正确；C项可回文定位到第三段首句：.spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable，此句中的spending= the art market，of any sort =generally 和in various ways, became deeply unfashionable = went downward，所以C项正确；D项可回文定位到尾段尾句：But anyone who is keeping away，waiting for confidence to return，所以D项正确。

根据"the last paragraph"和信号词"the three Ds"可回文定位到尾段倒数第二句；The three Ds - death, debt and divorce - still deliver works of art to the market.“三D因素——死亡、债务、和离婚—一依然会把艺术品推向市场。”词汇推断题的思路是跳出词汇本身，依据其前后信息的综合分析找到线索。3Ds 紧随其后的谓语部分是"still deliver works of art to the market"与C项的逻辑精确对应，所以C项正确。A项中的auction houses' favorites 和B项中的contemporary trends 在文章均未提到，属于无中生有干扰项；D项中的Impressionists 出自第四段句首，但与本选项毫无关系，故此项亦属于无中生有项。

主旨题的思路是对整篇文章的高度概括，考生可将各段的首句信息做综合处理。这篇文章的每一段的第一句几乎都有"art market"这个词，即“艺术品市场”，而且通过文章的阅读，我们很容易抓住艺术品市场不景气这一主旨，因此C项正确。A项“艺术品价格的波动”和B项“最新的艺术品拍卖”包含的内容太少，没有从整体上概括全文.D项“对文科兴趣的转向”则有些混淆视听的效果。Arts一词可以指学科类别中的文科门类，也可以与定冠词一起泛指艺术。

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干信号词"most wives，main expectation of their husbands"可回文定位到第四段尾句：.most wives want their husbands to be，first and foremost，conversational partners，but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.从该句中的 expectation 可以知道，妻子寄予丈夫的主要希望是conversation partners，所以A项为正确答案。从第四段可以看出，支持事业和分担家务并不是女性们抱怨的主要内容，排除C项和D项.而通篇并没有谈论信任，故排除B项。

根据提示词Line2，Para.2和信号词wreaking havoc可回文定位到第二段尾句：And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage，做词汇题时考生可以从上下文找线索：上文提到they often talk less at home.在第三段中作者又进一步引用社会学家Kohler专著中的发现，即多数女性认为缺乏沟通是她们离婚的原因。因此可以得出这种模式正在危害婚姻的结论，C项为正确答案。A项的意思是“产生激励”；B项的意思是“产生影响"；D项的意思是“造成压力”。这三个选项都不如c项准确。

本题是排除题，此类题题干往往缺乏信号词，所以需要对选项一一回文定位。选项B可回文定位到第三段尾句：Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent.经比照可发现原文只是提到“目前美国离婚率为50%"，但未说"50%”的离婚率是由交谈失败造成的，所以B项错误，是本题正确答案。选项A.D均可回文定位到第二段首句：.although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations. they often talk less at home. 所以A，D两项是正确的。选项C可以定位到第四段第二句：Instead，they focused on communication，故C项也正确。

本题是主旨题，考生可以将首尾段信息做综合处理：首段的 episode 和尾段的cartoon scene 都在讲述丈夫和妻子在交谈方式的差异。所以D项为正确答案。A项文章中没有提及，属无中生有。B项在第四段句首中涉及，但与选项意义相反.c项在文中虽有涉及，但太过宽泛，不够具体。

本题可以定位到文章最后一段，作者在本段中描述了"stereotypical cartoon"的画面，那么在接下来的段落中最有可能的就是对卡通画的详细描写，所以B项为正确答案。A项中的"the new book Divorce"出自文中的第三段，与漫画信息没有任何联系.c项的干扰性很大，但本文的主题是“谈话方式的差异”，所以接下来的文章也只能继续这一主题.D 项与前面提及的内容和接下来的内容相去甚远，介绍此人会很突兀。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

文章第一段提到了美国陪审团制度的原则。根据"verdicts should represent the conscience of the community判决应该代表公众的良知，可知D项是原文的同意替换，所以D项为正确答案。A.C项与原文"all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries"所有具备最低的年龄和读写能力资格的人都有资格担当陪审员，文意矛盾，B项与原文"defendants are entitled to trial by their peers"被告有权接受同阶审判，文意矛盾，故排除此三项。

本题可定位到第二段的最后一句话：Although the Supreme Court..，the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.“虽然美国最高法院……选拔所谓的精英或一流的陪审团给这种或其他反歧视法提供了方便之路。”习语表达"provided a convenient way around"是分析本题目的关键，所以C项为正确答案。B项“对某个种族的普遍歧视”，过于宽泛，故为干扰项。C项“陪审员挑选过程中的相互冲突的理念"，与原文不符。D项文中没有提到，属无中生有。

文章第三段的最后一句"This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home"提到“家庭需要女性的主张给这一情况提供了辩解”，所以C项为正确答案。A项是偷换概念，原文是"Even then several states"而非"states laws".B.D两项中文中并未提及属无中生有。

文章第四段第二句话"his law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community."其中的关键表达是"abolished special educational requirements"，与B项中的"became less rigid"相近。所以B项为正确答案。A.C.D项都是发生在1975年泰勒诉路易斯安那的裁决之后，故均可排除。

本题考察对中心思想的归纳和概括能力，正确选项的关键在于理解文章四个段落的主要内容和相互联系文章第一段概括介绍了美国陪审制度的五个原则，第二、三、四段分别介绍了美国陪审制度的发展，包括陪审员的挑选、女性陪审员地位的变化以及教育和性别要求的变化，因此可以看出，文章主要是介绍美国陪审制度的历史和发展。所以D项为正确答案。A、B两项中的nature和characteristics属于首段信息，根据第二段首句的转折词But可知它不是文章中的重点因素.C项有一定的迷惑性，但忽略了文章中的时间因素As recently as in 1968（第二段）until the mid-20th century（第三段）和ushering a new era（尾段）等，所以也不应该选。

6、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干信号词"Findings of the Stanford University researchers"可回文定位到首段的最后一句。其中的尾部信息：it would not require them to buy new aircraft“不需要它们购买新飞机”，说明斯坦福大学研究人员的发现不会促进飞机的销售，由此可见，本题所给的陈述与文章内容相矛盾，故该题答案是F。

根据题干信号词"The upwash experience"可回文定位到文章第二段第四句题干中的"save propelling energy"与原文中的"spend less energy propelling themselves"属同义转述，题干中的"reducing resistance"与原文中的"reduced drug"属同义转述，由此看来本题陈述符合文章内容，故该题答案为T。

本题涉及的信息点是，编队飞行是否更加舒适，如果是，原因是否是乘客看不到别的飞机。根据题干信号词"Formation flight is more comfortable"可回文定位到文章第四段第三句。审视文章会发现，本段中作者在讨论现实操作中遇到的难题及其解决方法，难题有两个：一个是安全因素，另外一个是同时飞行时乘客感到舒适么？因此编队飞行更加舒适是需要解决的难题之一，并非既有事实，因此题干论述不符合原文内容，故该题答案是F。

根据题干信号词"weather plays in formation flight"可回文定位到文章第五段第一句到第三句。题干中的"weather conditions"等同于"weather"，"affect"与"play role in"是同义转述，"it remains to be seen"恰好与"has not yet been clearly defined"是对应的，所以本题表述正确。

根据题干信号词"world War I1"可回文定位到文章最后一段第三句，该句表明：有报道说有战机二战时由于燃料不足而编队飞行，但是还没有得到证明。题干中的"has been documented"与原文中的"they are unsubstantiated"是矛盾的，所以本题表述错误。