2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解（二）

本文提供2021年204英语（二）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. __1__ , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been __2__ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very __3__ of money itself,” only to __4__ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so __5__  in coming?    Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6__ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very __7__ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the __8__ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they __9__ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to __10__ . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days __11__ a check is cashed and funds are __12__ from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. __13__ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.    Fourth, electronic means of payment may __14__ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information __15__ there. The fact that this is not an __16__ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and __17__ from someone else’s accounts. The __18__ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science is developing to __19__ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic __20__ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

问题1

A、However

B、Moreover

C、Therefore

D、Otherwise

问题2

A、off

B、back

C、over

D、around

问题3

A、power

B、concept

C、history

D、role

问题4

A、reward

B、resist

C、resume

D、reverse

问题5

A、silent

B、sudden

C、slow

D、steady

问题6

A、for

B、against

C、with

D、on

问题7

A、imaginative

B、expensive

C、sensitive

D、productive

问题8

A、similar

B、original

C、temporary

D、dominant

问题9

A、collect

B、provide

C、copy

D、print

问题10

A、give up

B、take over

C、bring back

D、pass down

问题11

A、before

B、after

C、since

D、when

问题12

A、kept

B、borrowed

C、released

D、withdrawn

问题13

A、Unless

B、Until

C、Because

D、Though

问题14

A、hide

B、express

C、raise

D、ease

问题15

A、analyzed

B、shared

C、stored

D、displayed

问题16

A、unsafe

B、unnatural

C、uncommon

D、unclear

问题17

A、steal

B、choose

C、benefit

D、return

问题18

A、consideration

B、prevention

C、manipulation

D、justification

问题19

A、cope with

B、fight against

C、adapt to

D、call for

问题20

A、chunk

B、chip

C、path

D、trail

2、Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.    Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.    But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.    Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases--or hire outside screeners.    John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.    Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.1、The time needed in making decisions may ____.2、Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions ____.3、To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should ____.4、John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on ____.5、The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is ____.

问题1

A、vary according to the urgency of the situation

B、prove the complexity of our brain reaction

C、depend on the importance of the assessment

D、predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

问题2

A、can be associative

B、are not unconscious

C、can be dangerous

D、are not impulsive

问题3

A、trust our first impression

B、do as people usually do

C、think before we act

D、ask for expert advice

问题4

A、critical assessment

B、“thin sliced” study

C、adequate information

D、sensible explanation

问题5

A、tolerant

B、uncertain

C、optimistic

D、doubtful

3、Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.    The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women--up to 60 per cent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goals of 40 per cent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.    Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?    “Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.    I understand Reding’s reluctance--and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.    After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positions--no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook--they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.    If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women--whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.1、In the European corporate workplace, generally ____.2、The European Union’s intended legislation is ____.3、According to Reding, quotas may help women ____.4、The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of ____.5、Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ____.

问题1

A、women take the lead

B、men have the final say

C、corporate governance is overwhelmed

D、senior management is family-friendly

问题2

A、a reflection of gender balance

B、a reluctant choice

C、a response to Reding’s call

D、a voluntary action

问题3

A、get top business positions

B、see through the glass ceiling

C、balance work and family

D、anticipate legal results

问题4

A、skepticism

B、objectiveness

C、indifference

D、approval

问题5

A、more social justice

B、massive media attention

C、suitable public policies

D、greater “soft pressure”

4、A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.    Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.    Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.    With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.    Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.1、“Birds of passage” refers to those who ____.2、It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US ____.3、According to the author, today’s birds of passage want ____.4、The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated ____.5、Which is the best title of this passage? ____.

问题1

A、immigrate across the Atlantic

B、leave their home countries for good

C、stay in a foreign country temporarily

D、find permanent jobs overseas

问题2

A、needs new immigrant categories

B、has loosened control over immigrants

C、should be adapted to meet challenges

D、has been fixed via political means

问题3

A、financial incentives

B、a global recognition

C、opportunities to get regular jobs

D、the freedom to stay and leave

问题4

A、as faithful partners

B、with economic favors

C、with legal tolerance

D、as mighty rivals

问题5

A、Come and Go: Big Mistake

B、Living and Thriving: Great Risk

C、With or Without: Great Risk

D、Legal or Illegal: Big mistake

5、In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”    Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.    In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra--their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.    Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs--about 6 million in total--disappeared.”    There will always be change--new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.    In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.1、The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate ____.2、According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to ____.3、The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ____.4、According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is ____.5、Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? ____.

问题1

A、the impact of technological advances

B、the alleviation of job pressure

C、the shrinkage of textile mills

D、the decline of middle-class incomes

问题2

A、work on cheap software

B、ask for a moderate salary

C、adopt an average lifestyle

D、contribute something unique

问题3

A、gains of technology have been erased

B、job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

C、factories are making much less money than before

D、new jobs and services have been offered

问题4

A、to accelerate the I.T. revolution

B、to ensure more education for people

C、to advance economic globalization

D、to pass more bills in the 21st century

问题5

A、New Law Takes effect.

B、Technology Goes Cheap.

C、Average Is Over.

D、Recession Is Bad.

6、The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130, 000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging--not about eating as cheaply as you can--“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”--but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.        1._______    Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.        2. _______    This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.        3. _______    You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer--that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced.        4. _______    Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish- sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.        5. _______    You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant--£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21--more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there--or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.

问题1

A、Live like a peasant

B、Balance your diet

C、Shopkeepers are your friends

D、Remember to treat yourself

E、Stick to what you need

F、Planning is everything

G、Waste not, want not

问题2

A、Live like a peasant

B、Balance your diet

C、Shopkeepers are your friends

D、Remember to treat yourself

E、Stick to what you need

F、Planning is everything

G、Waste not, want not

问题3

A、Live like a peasant

B、Balance your diet

C、Shopkeepers are your friends

D、Remember to treat yourself

E、Stick to what you need

F、Planning is everything

G、Waste not, want not

问题4

A、Live like a peasant

B、Balance your diet

C、Shopkeepers are your friends

D、Remember to treat yourself

E、Stick to what you need

F、Planning is everything

G、Waste not, want not

问题5

A、Live like a peasant

B、Balance your diet

C、Shopkeepers are your friends

D、Remember to treat yourself

E、Stick to what you need

F、Planning is everything

G、Waste not, want not

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:D;第5题:C;第6题:B;第7题:B;第8题:D;第9题:B;第10题:A;第11题:A;第12题:D;第13题:C;第14题:C;第15题:C;第16题:C;第17题:A;第18题:B;第19题:A;第20题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

空格前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势，你也许会认为，我们将快速步入无现金，实现完全电子支付。”而空格后说“一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现”，两者是明显的转折关系，结合选项，however表转折，Moreover表递进，therefore表结果，otherwise表对比，故选A。

根据该句的加but可知，其前后句子是转折关系。后一句是说这种形式还没有实现，所以空格处应填入表示“存在，出现”的词。结合选项，off意为“停止”，back意为“返回”，over意为“结束”，around意为“在附近，出现”，故选D。

句意：1975年的《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段“将很快彻底改变货币本身的_____。根据后一句 cashless society可推断改变的应该是“现金才是钱”这一概念，结合选项，Power意为“力量”，concept意为“概念”，history意为“历史”，role意为“角色”，故选B。

句意：电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义，并将在数年后颠覆货币本身的_____根据后一句可知，空格填入的动词跟前面的动词revolutionize（变革）要意思相近。结合选项，reward意为“奖励”，resist意为“抵抗”，resume意为“重新开始，继续”，reverse意为“颠覆”，故选D。

根据上文可知，真正的无现金化社会很可能不会马上到来。这种变革是一个缓慢的过程。结合选项，silent意为“沉寂的”，sudden意为“突然的”，slow意为“慢的，缓慢的”，steady意为“稳定不变的”，故选C。

由句首Although可知，空格所在段表明对此处是让步关系，即尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因。结合选项，work for意为“为……而工作”，work against意为“妨碍，对…产生消极影响”，work with意为“与……共事，对……起作用”，work on意为“从事……工作，对……起作用”，故选B。

结合上文可知，空格所在句在阐述“电子支付方式的缺点”，根据这个基调可以推断所选词汇感情色彩应是消极的。结合选项，expensive意为“昂贵的”，Imaginative意为“虚的，富于想象力的”，sensitive意为“敏感的、容易受伤的”，productive意为“富有成效的，具有创造性的”，故选B。

句意：建立使电子货币成为_____支付方式是非常昂贵的。结合选项，similar意为“相似的"，original意为“原始的，独创的”，temporary意为“临时的，短暂的”，dominant意为“占优势的，首要的”。这里 dominant符合句意，故选D。

句意：纸质支票支付能够提供收据，和电子支付相比，这是一大优势。collect receipts意为“收集收据”，copy receipts意为“复印收据”，print receipts意为“打印收据”，都不符合生活常识。只有B项 provide receipts（提供收据）符合句意，故选B。

由句意可知，该动词短语的宾语是前文的something，指代上文的advantage，纸质支票支付能够提供收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。结合选项，give up意为“放弃” bring back意为“拿回来”，pass down意为“传递，遗传”。只有give up 符合语境，故选A。

句意：在支票兑换成现金之前要花上好几天。本句是来解释“float”的。空格前面意为“需要花几天”，后半句意为纸质支票兑现。上文讲到纸质支票的兑现不像是电子支票，是不会马上完成的，所以纸质支票在兑现前是需要时间的，before（在……之前）符合句意，故选A。

句意：资金是从开票人的账户里提取的。withdraw有“提款，取款”的意思，这里是指纸币从银行账户中“被取出”故选D。

空格后的两个句子，前半句是电子支票是及时的，后半句是用户不能享有“浮动”带来的好处，由此可知整句话是一个因果关系，即因为电子支付是即付的，所以消除客户的浮动期。Because意为“因为，由于”，表因果关系，符合句意，故选C。

空格句含义是电子支付方式引发安全及隐私的问题。结合选项，hide意为“隐藏，隐瞒”，express意为“表达，表示”，raise意为“提高，引发”，ease意为“减轻，缓和”。这里raise concerns（引起关注）符合句意，故选C。

句意：一些黑客入侵电脑数据库并且更改已储存的信息。根据空前信息可知，黑客入侵电脑数据库，破坏的information定是储存在电脑数据库中的信息。结合选项，analyzed意为“分析”，shared意为“共享的，共用的”，stored意为“储存的，存信息的”，displayed意为“显示，陈列”，只有stored符合句意，故选C。

上文提出电子支票的弊端，本句意为“因为这种事情经常发生”，且为双重否定表肯定，所以选填词汇意思应为不普遍的。结合选项，unsafe意为“危险的，不安稳的”，unnatural意为“不自然的，奇异的”，uncommon意为“罕见的，不寻常的”，unclear意为“不清楚的，不明白的”。只有uncommon（罕见的，不寻常的）符合句意，故选C。

本句主语是dishonest persons，讲的是电子支票存在的风险，含义是那些不道德的人可能通过转移电子账户从而偷取别人的存款。结合选项，steal意为“偷盗，不正当地获取”，choose意为“选择”，benefit意为“好处”，return意为“退还，重现”。只有steal（偷，不正当地获得）符合题意，故选A。

文章最后一段首句谈论电子付费方式的又一个缺陷：会引起安全和隐私问题。接下来就开始解释这个现象。上文提出电子支票的风险，本句话提出解决办法，但是防止此类诈骗并非易事。结合选项，consideration（考虑），prevention（阻止，防止），manipulation（操纵），justification（理由，辩护）。这里prevention符合语境，故选B。

计算机科学正在研发新领域，试图_____此类安全问题。结合选项，cope with意为“处理，解决”，fight against意为“与……作斗争”，adapt to意为“适应”，call for意为“需要，要求”。此处 cope with（处理，解决）符合句意，故选A。

本句提出电子支票的另一个风险--电子支票可追踪包括大量有关个人购物习惯的信息。空格后的定语从句解释了空格内容，即它包含大量的个人数据。结合选项chunk意为“大块儿，矮胖的人或物"，chip意为“薄片，芯片”，path意为“路径，道路”，trail意为“痕迹”。但是chunk，chip，path与leaves构成搭配皆与文章语义不符，只有trail符合句意，故选D。

2、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:C;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

细节题。第一段讲到“if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react，we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick，hard-wired responses"，即如果我们在做出反应之前花点儿时间来思考，那么将会减少甚至消除快速反应所带来的负面影响，也就是说我们做决定所花的时间决定我们判断的准确性。第二段第二句以But这一转折连词引导，重点表达“我们需要更多的时间来评估其他要素。”而本段的第三、四句很明显地揭示本题正确答案，尤其是第三个句子中的“accurately”一词。D项中的“accuracy”为“accurately”的同词异形，故D项“可预先决定判断的准确性”为正确答案。A项“依形势紧急性而定”在本文并没有出现类似信息，B项“证明大脑反映的复杂性”与文中主要讲的快速决定不符；C项“取决于评估的重要性”，也与原文不符合，故排除。

细节题。第三段开头说，让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。紧接着一句说人们对快餐商标的反应速度比一般阅读速度快。下一句阐述原因：人们无意识地（unconsciously）将“快餐”与“速度”“急躁”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A项说决定是有联系性的，表述正确；B项说决定是无意识的，与原文意思相反；C项说决定是危险的，原文未提及；D项说决定是不冲动的，与原文意思相悖，排除。

细节题。第四段主要通过两个例子“consumer products or housing options”和female job screeners”说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响。尤其是第一个例子表示“如果我们会对消费产品或者房产选择做出“过度反应’，我们可以在购买之前先思考一会儿”，由此可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选C。A项“相信我们的第一印象”；B项“按照人们通常所做的去做”；D项“征求专家意见”均属于无中生有，故排除。

细节题。倒数第二段第一句讲到“John Gottman...explains that we quickly "thin slice" information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in "thick sliced" long-term study”，意为“婚姻专家约翰·古德曼解释说，我们快速反应的信息的可靠性是建立在以长期研究为基础而做出的快速反应行为上的”。其中 ground是题干中 base on的同义置换，long-term study“长期的研究”与D项 adequate information相对应。由此可知D项（足够的信息）是正确答案。第二句讲到当古德曼博士想去评估一对夫妻是否会长久待在一起时，他会邀请他们到他的岛上进行一个更为长期的调查，是两天而不是两秒。第二句是对第一句的举例说明，更加验证此选项。A项“批判性评估”和C项“合理的解释”，在原文并没有提及，故排除。B项“薄片研究"错在逻辑混乱，原文表达的是在“薄片研究”基础上形成“厚片研究”，所以依靠的应是“厚片研究”，故排除。

态度题。由最后一段最后两句讲到“Although technology might change the way we react，it hasn't changed our nature.We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high--speed trend.”即虽然技术可以改变反应方式，但不可能改变我们的本质。我们仍然拥有想象力，引领我们摆脱诱惑，扭转高速趋势。由此表明作者对于我们的能力是有信心的，是很肯定的。因此C项 optimistic（乐观的）是正解，并排除B项uncertain（不确定）。A项“容忍的”，D项“怀疑的”在原文中都没有体现，也不能总结归纳，故排除。

3、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

细节题。文章开始就明确指出欧洲性别不平等。“in particular”进一步指出corporate workplace”从来不是彻底友好的，说明工作中性别尤其不平等。紧接着说欧洲公司高管职位“remain overwhelmingly male”是以男性为主导，故B项（男性有最后的话语权）是这句话的同义替换，是正确答案。A项 women take the lead与原文中的“overwhelmingly male”及“women hold only14%of positions”等信息相反，D项 senior management is family--friendly与原文never be completely family-friendly信息相反，C项是对文章overwhelm一词给出的干扰项，故排除。

由题干中的 The European Union可定位到第二段，其中 intended与第一句的considering相对应，均表示一种意愿和倾向。第二段第一句指出：欧盟欲通过立法来迫使董事会保有一定的女性比例，紧接着第二句指出：欧盟欲出台这一强制性命令的想法源于一次挫折，接下来的第三句到第五句具体讲述这个挫折事例。正是由于呼吁自愿行动无效，欧盟才不得已考虑通过立法强制实行限额。且第五段第一句提到“瑞丁的不情愿和沮丧”也从侧面反映欲出台此项立法实属无奈之举，B项“不情愿的选择”把欧盟的无奈表达得淋漓尽致，故为正确选项。

细节题。第四段中瑞丁说自己不喜欢配额，后面出现的关键转折词“but”，表明她真正的观点在后面。而这句话指出她喜欢配额所达到的效果，即“get action”，冒号后面的内容是对 get action的解释。核心答案在“a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions"。"a result"是前面内容的同位语，做进一步补充说明，所以A项为正确答案。B项 see through the glass ceiling是对原文break through the glass ceiling的望文生义，C项和D项在原文中提及于无中生有，故排除。

态度题。本题问的是作者对瑞丁的态度。瑞丁的呼吁这个关键词最早出现在文章第二段，“即呼吁在董事会中有40%的女性，以实现性别均衡”。第四段再次提到瑞丁的观点，即“她自己也不喜欢配额，但是配额本身确实发挥了作用”；接着作者在第五段给出自己的观点，先是说可以理解瑞丁，自己本身也不喜欢配额，但是“既然现在 meritocratic ideal（精英管理的理想）有障碍，确实需要一种强制的手段，即强制设定男女比例”。由此可以看出作者是持“赞成”的态度,故选D。

细节题。题干中的 women entering top management become headlines是对文章第六段第二句“when women do break through to the summit of the corporate power”的同义改写，是对后面for example所举的 Sheryl Sandberg的事例的概括。第七段是提出种解决措施：“If appropriate pubic choices were in place to help a1 women, …Sandberg would be no more newsworthy…”，此句是if引导的虚拟条件句，是对未来的一种美好展望，也是提出观点的一种方式，意为“如果有合理的公共政策来帮助所有的女性，桑德伯格也就没有报道价值了”，故选C。

4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

词义题。第一段最后一句讲到“They even had an affectionate nickname，uccelli di passaggio’，birds of passage”，其中they承前指代，指四分之一的意大利移民。有些人要在美国定居（permanent home），但是一些人只是在美国暂时居住，最终是要回国的（had no intention to stay）。结合选项，C项符合题意。A项是对文章首句的断章取义，they不仅仅包括来自大西洋的，还有其他国家的移民；文章第二句讲他们中的相当大一部分并没有打算永远待在异国，而是会回国，B项中“for good”与原文意思相反；原文是移民们会永远地回到意大利，而不是“永远离开自己的祖国”。D项是对第二句片面的理解，排除。

推理题。最后一句说“We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges”，即也许我们就能开始面对移民挑战了，由此可以判断出本段第四句至第六句的 we need to...和we can...是我们可以面对这个挑战的前提。而这几句表达的就是我们应该如何去迎接这些挑战，与C项表达的意思相同。A项与第四句 We don’t need more categories表达意思相反； B项与第五句 We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal中的 strict（严格的）相反；C项与第五句话 We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal or illegal意思相反，原文表示不需要用法律手段。

细节题。题干的want与原文“They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another”中 prefer to是同义词，因而解题关键在于对最后一句的理解。本句大意是他们喜欢随着机遇，来去都自如。他们可以在一个地方工作，也可以在另一个地方安家，强调的是机会和来去自如，D项是这句的同义替换。A项中 financial incentives（经济鼓励）是对原文的片面理解；B项和C项在文中未提及，故排除。

推理题。由第五段第二句“Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system”可知，我们应该超越移民对错的文化之争，意味着开启中间地带，意识到当今移民管理体系需要多种途径，从而取得多样化的结果，包括解决这些在现有体系中很难通过合法手段实现的问题。C项中 with legal tolerance就是对multiple paths and multiple outcomes的概括和同义改写，故选C。

主旨题。第二段第二句讲到“We divide newcomers into two categories：legal or illegal，good or bad.”即我们把新来者划分为两类：合法移民与非法移民，同时作者认为 We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal（我们不应该局限于合法或者非法的严格定义），这说明从合法和不合法角度对移民进行分类是错误的。另外，文章末句“including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system”（包括解决那些在现有体系中很难通过合法手段实现的问题）也反映作者认为从合法和不合法角度对移民进行分类是错误的。这就是作者通过文章要说明的重点，故选D。A项（来来去去：弥天大错）说短暂移民是个错误，偏离文章主旨；B和C项说的是risk（风险），文中并未提及风险，故排除。

5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:B;第4题:B;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

推理分析题。首段指出笑话是关于纺织厂自动化的，“The man is there to feed the dog，and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines”具体说明笑话的内容：工厂平均每天只有两个工人，一个人一条狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看机器，暗示工厂所有的生产工作都是由机器自动完成的。由此可推断出这个笑话是用来说明技术进步的影响，第二段引出文章话题：全球化和信息科技革命进步是造成失业率居高不下、中产阶级收入下降的主要原因。因此A项中 technological advances正好对应原文中出现的“automated”，为正确答案。B项“就业压力的缓解”，与本文谈论话题相左；C项“现代纺织厂规模的缩减”，望文生义D项“中产阶级收入的减少”，不是文章谈论的重点，文章重在谈论造成中产阶级收入减少的原因。

细节题。文章第三段最后一句的提到“Therefore，everyone needs to find their extra--their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment”，即人人都需要有额外的价值，异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场中脱颖而出。第三段最后一句中 “everyone needs to find their extra--their unique value contribution”与D项中 “contribute something unique”是同义替换，故选D。A项（继续生产廉价的软件）、B项（索要适当的薪水）和C项（选择一般的生活方式）均与原文意思不符，故排除。

推理题。根据第四段引用的Davidson的原话“2009年之前的十年内，美国工厂裁掉工人的速度之快，基本上等于过去70年新增的工人数量；大概每三个工作岗位就有一个岗位消失了，总共约有600万之多。”可知引用这段话的主题为裁员，很多岗位消失，意味着工作机会在快速消失。B项（工作机会正快速消失）与原文属于同义替换，故选B

细节题。文章倒数第二段最后一句提到 “The best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.”可知，最佳岗位将要求员工受到更多更好的教育，以使自己脱颖而出。文章最后一段又指出能够促进就业的事情有很多，但是最重要的是颁布类似于《退伍军人权利法案》之类的法案来确保每个美国人都有机会接受高中以上的教育。因此如果想要减少失业率，最重要的应该“确保更多的人受到教育”，与文章 “nothing would be more important than”相对应，指出促进就业最重要的是颁布类似于“C.L.Bill”的法案来保障人们接受高等教育的权利，故选B。A项“加速信息技术产业变革”；C项“促进经济全球化”在文中均未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。文中虽提及要颁布更多法案，但颁布法案的目的实际是保障教育，故排除D项。

主旨题。文章第一段以一则笑话揭示了科技进步给人们带来的影响。第二、三段是科技的进步引起工厂自动化水平提高，普通员工如果没有竞争力和突出优势，就很容易失去工作，因此也对员工提出了更高的要求（extra-unique value contribution）。第四段就是员工只有不断提高自身教育水平，才能够保证不被淘汰。C项“Avenge Is Over”为最恰当的标题。A项“新的法律要实施”仅在最后一段提到一句，不能涵盖文章主旨；B项“科技走向廉价”是文章第三段中提出的目前就业市场的一个现状，属于论据，不正确；D项“经济衰退有害”与文章无关。因此选C。

6、试题答案：第1题:F;第2题:E;第3题:G;第4题:C;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

译文：计划是万事的基础。段落首句谈到“Impulsive spending isn't an option，so plan your work's menu in advance…”其表达的含义是：冲动消费不是一个好的选择，所以提前计划你一周的菜单，为你所需材料的具体数量列一个购物清单。首句中出现因果关联词so，因此首句是本段的中心句。文章进而提及作者为此专门做一个Excl表格，并且认为这样做不仅花钱少并且有助于均衡饮食。显然文章的中心在于首句谈到的“plan”，而不是选项B表达的balance your diet”，故答案为F。

译文：坚持你所需要的。段落第二句中的代词“them”指代第一句中的“supermarkets and their anonymity”。该句通过这一指代顺接第一句，表达否定的含义，即你不需要在小贩那里感到尴尬。紧接着第三句用肯定的语气指出“if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need 350g of shin of bee...”，即如果你进行合理的规划，你就清楚知道你想要什么，比如你只需要350克牛肉。作者通过语义上层层递进的方式指出这一段的中心：你需要什么就买什么，对你所需要购买的东西的分量要坚持，故答案为E。

译文：不要浪费，没有所求。本段内容首先谈到“你可能骄傲地说冰箱里有冷冻的青豆，但是这还不够”。这句话中虽然没有明显的转折词，但在语义上属于隐性转折，因此段落的重点应该在后面。第二句提到“Mine is filled with….”，其中mine等于 my freezer，通过指代顺接上一句话。接着第三句前半句指出“提前做好计划可以避免浪费”，后半句具体陈述怎样避免浪费。其中“eliminate wastage”与G项中的“waste not！”构成同义替换。虽然该句中出现了planning，但是本段的主要内容是谈到对于剩余的食物要尽可能充分利用，从而避免浪费，故答案为G。

译文：店主是朋友。该段首句的句中出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句but转折之后提到“it really is a top tip”，即这真的是一个好的提议。那么首先要还原it所指代的内容。句前没有提供信息，句后第二句提到“shop at butchers，…regularly，…and be super friendly”。其中“be friendly”通过词性转换和C项中的“are your friends”构成同义替换。同时，根据就近指代原则，这也是it所指代的内容。最后一句通过具体的信息描述购物时表现出友好的态度所带来的好处：they will let you have for free（通常他们都会免费给你），故答案为C。

译文：记得款待自己。该段首句中出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句but后提到“save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch”，其表达的含义是要省钱，但可以每几个月款待自己一次。而该句也是本段的中心句。段落余下的信息都是在用数据来解释这个道理。D项中出现“treat yourself”，属于原词复现，对该段落的主旨进行了概括，故答案为D。