2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解（四）

本文提供2021年201英语（一）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that      1      the ability tomake judgments which are unbiased by       2        factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big       3        was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.       4        , he theorised that a judge       5        of appearing too soft       6        crime might be more likely to send someone to prison       7        he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.    To       8        this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the       9        of an applicant should not depend on the few others       10        randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was       11        .    He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews       12        by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had       13        applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale       14        numerous factors into consideration. The scores were       15        used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is       16        out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.    Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one       17        that, then the score for the next applicant would       18        by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to       19        the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been       20        .

问题1

A、grants

B、submits

C、transmits

D、delivers

问题2

A、minor

B、objective

C、crucial

D、external

问题3

A、issue

B、vision

C、picture

D、moment

问题4

A、Above all

B、For example

C、In principle

D、On average

问题5

A、fond

B、fearful

C、capable

D、thoughtless

问题6

A、in

B、for

C、to

D、on

问题7

A、if

B、until

C、though

D、unless

问题8

A、test

B、share

C、emphasize

D、promote

问题9

A、status

B、quality

C、decision

D、success

问题10

A、found

B、studied

C、chosen

D、identified

问题11

A、defensible

B、otherwise

C、replaceable

D、exceptional

问题12

A、inspired

B、expressed

C、secure

D、conducted

问题13

A、rated

B、assigned

C、matched

D、arranged

问题14

A、put

B、got

C、took

D、gave

问题15

A、instead

B、rather

C、ever

D、then

问题16

A、selected

B、passed

C、marked

D、introduced

问题17

A、below

B、before

C、above

D、after

问题18

A、jump

B、float

C、drop

D、fluctuate

问题19

A、undo

B、achieve

C、maintain

D、disregard

问题20

A、possible

B、necessary

C、promising

D、helpful

2、An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?    In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.    On May 31st Microsoft set off the row.It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.    Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”    It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.    Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?1、It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to ____.2、“The industry” (Para.3) refers to ____.3、Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ____.4、Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6? ____.5、The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of____.

问题1

A、ease competition among themselves.

B、lower their operational costs.

C、avoid complaints from consumers.

D、provide better online services.

问题2

A、online advertisers.

B、e-commerce conductors.

C、digital information analysts.

D、internet browser developers.

问题3

A、may cut the number of junk ads.

B、fails to affect the ad industry.

C、will not benefit consumers.

D、goes against human nature.

问题4

A、DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

B、Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.

C、DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.

D、Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

问题5

A、indulgence.

B、understanding.

C、appreciation.

D、skepticism.

3、On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.    In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.    Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.    However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.    Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.    The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.    Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.1、Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ____2、On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?3、It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ____4、The White House claims that its power of enforcement ____5、What can be learned from the last paragraph?

问题1

A、deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

B、disturbed the power balance between different states.

C、overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

D、contradicted both the federal and state policies.

问题2

A、Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.

B、States’ independence from federal immigration law.

C、States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

D、Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

问题3

A、violated the Constitution.

B、undermined the states’ interests.

C、supported the federal statute.

D、stood in favor of the states.

问题4

A、outweighs that held by the states.

B、is dependent on the states’ support.

C、is established by federal statutes.

D、rarely goes against state laws.

问题5

A、Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

B、Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

C、Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

D、The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

4、Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.    Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.    But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”    So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.    Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.    But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.    This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy.But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.1、Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ____2、The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are ____3、Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?4、To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ____5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、our desire for lives of fulfillment.

B、our faith in science and technology.

C、our awareness of potential risks.

D、our belief in equal opportunity.

问题2

A、a misplaced race.

B、a threat to the environment.

C、the world’s dominant power.

D、a sustained species.

问题3

A、Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

B、Technology offers solutions to social problems.

C、The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

D、Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

问题4

A、explore our planet’s abundant resources.

B、adopt an optimistic view of the world.

C、draw on our experience from the past.

D、curb our ambition to reshape history.

问题5

A、Uncertainty about Our Future

B、Evolution of the Human Species

C、The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind

D、Science, Technology and Humanity

5、In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.    This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.    The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.    Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.    Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.    Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.1、Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ____.2、According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ____.3、The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ____.4、Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? ____.5、What is the subject of the text?

问题1

A、lack of imagination.

B、poor bargaining skill.

C、obsession with high fashion.

D、insensitivity to fashion.

问题2

A、combat unnecessary waste.

B、shop for their garments more frequently.

C、resist the influence of advertisements.

D、shut out the feverish fashion world.

问题3

A、enthusiasm.

B、accusation.

C、indifference.

D、tolerance.

问题4

A、Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

B、The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

C、[People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

D、Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

问题5

A、Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

B、Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

C、Exposure of a mass-market secret.

D、Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:B;第6题:D;第7题:A;第8题:A;第9题:D;第10题:C;第11题:B;第12题:D;第13题:A;第14题:C;第15题:D;第16题:C;第17题:B;第18题:C;第19题:A;第20题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：乍一看，这似乎是一种优点，它使人们能够排除外部因素的影响，从而做出公正的判断。grant意为“赋予，授予”，符合语境。submit意为“服从，提交”；transmit意为“传输，发射”；deliver意为“递送传递”。

本题考查上下文语意。文章第一句提到，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。因此，可推出要做出不带偏见的决定，应不受外界因素的影响。external意为“外部的，外面的”，符合语境。minor意为“次要的，轻微的”；objective意为“客观的，无偏见的”；crucial意为“关键的，决定性的”。

本题考查固定搭配。本句意为：但是Dr Uri simonsohn推测不考虑大局会导致决策者被日常接触的信息影响而带有偏见。big picture是一个固定搭配，意为“（事情的）主要部分，大局”，与文章第一句提到的background information（背景信息）意思相近，符合语境。issue意为“问题，争端，发行”；vision意为“视力，美景，远见”；moment意为“时刻瞬间”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。通常作者在提出一个观点之后接下来应举例进行论证。通读空白处后的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是现实生活中的一个实例。For example意为“例如”，符合这一逻辑关系。above all意为“首先”（用于列举事项）；on average意为“平均，普通”（常与数字连用）；in principle意为“大体上，原则上”（通常引出概述性内容）。

本题考查动词词组的用法。本句意为：例如，西蒙松博士从理论上推测，如果一位担心对犯罪行为表现得太过仁慈的法官在一天当中已经对五六名被告只判处了强制性社区服务，那么他更有可能会将接下来的被告送进监狱。fearful of意为“不敢，惧怕”，符合语境。fond of意为“喜欢”；capable of意为“有能力”；thoughtless of意为“考虑不周”。

本题考查固定搭配。soft on sb./sth.是一个固定搭配，意为“对某人某事不够严厉”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。前半句是一个表示结果的句子，因此后半句应是一个假设条件。if意为“如果”，表条件，符合语境。until意为直到…才……”表时间；though意为“尽管，虽然”，表让步；unless意为“除非，如果不”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：为了验证这一观点，西蒙松博士对大学录取过程进行了研究。分析该句时，首先应注意到idea前面有指示词this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。因此可推断出，下文也是对上一段中所提出观点的进一步论证。test意为“测试，验证”，符合语境。share意为“分享，共享”；emphasize意为“强调，加强”；promote意为“促进，营销，提拔”。

本题考查名词词义的区分。本句意为：申请者被成功录取不应取决于……success意为“成功”，符合语境。status意为“地位，状态”；quality意为“质量，才能，品质”；decision意为“决定”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：测试中随机选出的其他申请者……此题做题的关键在于空白处后有一个副词为 randomly，该词意为“随机地”，根据常识，实验对象都是随机选取的，chosen符合语境。find意为“找到，发现”；study意为“研究，学习”；identify意为“鉴定，确定”。

本题考查形容词词义的区分。由该分句开头的but可知此句与上文是转折关系。四种选项中，otherwise意为“另外的，其他方面的”，可以体现转折关系。defensible意为“可防卫的，可辩护的”；replaceable意为“可替换的，可置换的”；exceptional意为“例外的，特殊的”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：他研究了31位招生面试官对9323名MBA申请者进行面试的结果。此处需选一个过去分词作interviews的定语，由by之后该动作的主语为officers可知，conduct（进行，执行）符合语境。inspire意为激发，鼓舞，引发”；express意为“表达，表示”；secure意为“保护，确保”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。本句意为：面试官在1~5等级量表上为申请者打分。分析”空白处所在的句子，句末有“one to five（从一到五）”，前面还有一个“on a scale（一定范围内）”,因此，rate（划分等级）符合语境。assign意为“分配，指派”；match意为“匹配，比赛”；arrange意为 “筹划，安排”。

本题考查固定搭配。本句意为：这个等级对众多因素加以考虑。take into consideration意为“顾及，考虑到……”为固定搭配。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。空白处所在句子承接上文讲到的评级得分，讲述的是平时学校的等级考试得分。因此可推断出，该句与前文是顺承的关系，四个选项中只有then（然后，那么）符合语境。instead意为“取而代之，而不是”；rather意为“宁愿，相当”；ever意为“在任何时候，曾经”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。空白处所在句子是一个由 which引导的定语从句，修饰exam，意为以满分为800分的标准测试。mark意为“打分，评分”，符合语境。select意为“选择”；pass意为“通过，传递”；introduce意为“介绍，引进”。

本题考查上下文逻辑关系。由“than”可知本句是进行比较的，对比的是几个面试者的分数，A项和C项表示的是空间上的上下，而此处要表达的是时间上的先后，故排除这两项。根据句意可知，此处说的是前面的申请者不能比他后面的人分数高。故B项正确。

本题考查动词词义的区分。选择此题时，需联系下文判断。下一句中出现“to...the effects of such a decrease”，由“such a decrease”可以推断出接下来那个应聘者的分数与前一个相比是下降了。drop意为“下降”，符合语境。jump意为“跳跃，暴涨”；float意为“浮动，漂浮”；fluctuate意为“波动，起伏”。

本题考查动词词义的区分。该句为不定式做主语，联系前文，此处表达的是：为了消除（面试官可能给出的）更低的分数所带来的影响……根据上下文，此处应选一个有“消除”含义的动词。undo意为“消除，取消”，符合语境。achieve意为“取得，达到”；maintain意为“保持，维护”；disregard意为“忽视，不理”。

本题考查形容词词义的区分。本句意为：但为了抵消这部分降低的分数所带来的影响，申请者的GMAT分数要比原本需要的分数多出30分。necessary意为“需要的，必需的”，符合语境。possible意为“可能的”；promising意为“有前途的”；help意为“有帮助的”。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:A;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段的后两句“In the internet age，at least in theory，this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for，click on and say online，companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.”可知，通过追踪购买者的搜索习惯和评价，公司能够使其所做广告更有针对性，从而降低广告预算成本。B项是指有针对性的广告可以使广告商降低运营成本，与原文内容相符。故答案为B。

由“The industry”出现在文章第三段的最后一句可知，the industry应在语篇中指代前面出现的内容。第三段前几句提到目前微软的IE及苹果的浏览器Safari都有“不允许跟踪”系统设置，而今年谷歌也将在Chrome中加入这一功能。由此可推断出D项“网络浏览器开发商”为“The industry”的指代内容。故答案为D。

由题干关键词“Bob liodice”可定位到文章第五段第四句“Bob liodice，the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers，says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.”。从该句可知如果网络浏览器开发商不能收集有关用户偏好的信息，那么这对于消费者来说将更为不利，即：消费者并不能从中受益。故答案为C。

根据文章第六段最后一句的后半部分 “some may ignore a DNT signal and press on any-way.”可知，一些公司可能忽略“不允许跟踪”标志，继续记录用户的在线行为。从中可以推断出不允许跟踪”设置可能不会起到预期的作用。A项是指“不允许跟踪”设置可能不会达到其预期目的，与原文内容相符。故答案为A。

由题干关键词“Brendon lynch”和“blog”可以定位文章最后一段倒数第二句“Brendon ynch，Microsoft's chief privacy officer，blogged : “We believe consumers should have more control.”该句讲的是：Brendon Lynch在博客中写道，我们认为用户应该有更大的话语权。此题的解题关键在于最后一句“Could it be really that simple？”该句是一个反问句，从中可明显看出作者对于 Brendon Lynch在博客中所说的话持怀疑态度。indulgence意为“纵容，沉溺”；understanding意为“理解”；appreciation意为“赞美，支持”；skepticism意为“怀疑”。故答案为D。

3、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

根据题干关键词“three provisions of Arizona”可定位到文章第二段。由该段第二句后半部”..and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.”可知，联邦法律高于州法律是无可争辩的。分析该段可推出亚利桑那州的法案逾越了联邦法案，这便是该法案被推翻的原因。C项与原文内容表述相符。故答案为C。

文章第四段主要讲述的是亚利桑那州警方允许核实执法人员的合法地位，因为国会一直设想联合联邦政府和州政府一起实施移民法，而且明确地鼓励州政府官员与联邦政府同时共享信息，共同合作。C项意为“州在移民执法中的合法地位”，与原文内容相符。故答案为C。

根据题干关键词“Alien and Sedition Acts”可定位到第五段第二句“The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia，who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.”从该句可知唯一的最主要的反对来自法官 Antonino scalia，他提供了一个对州特权更加稳健的辩护，证明“Aien and Sedition Acts”是支持州的权利的。故答案为D。

根据文章第六段可知，白宫认为亚利桑那州的法律跟白宫的法律执行优先权冲突。最后一句提到白宫声称它能够使任何它不同意的州法律不合法。A项是指白宫的法律执行权大过州的执行权，与原文内容相符。故答案为A。

B选项中的check意为“抑制，遏制”，根据本段最后两句话可知，所以B选项正确。A选项，根据第七段第二句，可知国会虽有权利阻止州政府核查移民身份，但从未行使，所以不能推导出“移民问题通常由国会来裁定”。故排除选项A。C选项，该选项属于无中生有，因为最后一段根本没有提及“法官想要加强与国会的协作”的相关内容。D选项，虽然第七段段首句说了federal government有权控制公民身份地位和疆界，但 control of citizenship and the borders是不是D选项的immigration issues呢？不一定，从这个角度来说D只有半对；另外，第二句马上就对联邦政府的权力进行了否定，认为州也能对移民身份进行核查，并没有说联邦政府有支配权。第三，本段最后一句指出每位法官都反对政府的观点，但D选项却在肯定联邦政府的权利，所以D选项为正反混淆。

4、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:A;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:C;

试题解析：第1题:

文章第一段第一句讲述的是过去人们对未来的愿景总体是积极乐观的；第二句紧接着第一句话，交代了这些积极乐观的愿景是源于人们相信“科学和技术会治愈人类所有的弊病”。B项是指人们对未来乐观的愿景是因为对科学技术的信仰，与原文内容相符。故答案为B。

由题干关键词“IUCN”和“Red list”可定位到文章第三段。分析文章前两段，第一段讲的是至今几十年前人们对未来的乐观愿景，第二段讲述的是目前人们对于未来的危机意识加重，甚至可能觉得人类已经没有未来可言。第三段开头的“But”一词表转折，说明该段内容与上一段提出的观点应是对立的，即：人类未来不会有太大的生存危机。那么，此处提到“Red list”很显然也是用来说明这个观点的。A项是指“Red list”意味着人类是可以持久生存的物种，与原文内容相符故答案为A。

根据文章第五段第一句“Perhaps willfully，it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.”可知，与思考眼前的未来相比，对如此之长的时间跨度进行思考似乎更为容易，即：眼前的未来更难思考。D项意为“我们很难设想眼前的未来”，与原文内容相符。故答案为D。

根据文章倒数第二段第二句“As so often，the past holds the key to the future..”可知，过去是掌握未来的关键。C项是指为了确保人类的未来，从过去学习经验是至关重要的，与原文内容相符。故答案为C。

选择最佳标题的题型考查的是对全文主旨大意的理解。统观全文，可以看出作者对人类的未来是十分看好的，尤其在文章最后一段最后一句中，作者重申主题——人类的前景还是光明的。C项意为“依然光明的人类前景”，与文章主题相符。故答案为C。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:B;第3题:B;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

根据文章第一段第一句“In the2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada，Miranda Priestly played by Meryl Streep，scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.”可知，Priestly批评她的助理是因为助理认为高级时尚对自己的生活影响不大。D项是指Priestly批评她的助理是因为助理对时尚不敏感，与原文内容相符。故答案为D。

根据文章第二段倒数第二句“Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable meant to last only a wash or two，although they don’t advertise that-and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”可知，大众市场的品牌商标促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，并且每几周就更新他们的衣橱。B项是指大众市场的品牌商标使消费者更加频繁地购买服装，与原文内容相符。故答案为B。

题干中需要猜词义的单词“indictment”实际上是Cline对fast fashion的一种态度。因此，解答此题时应联系上下文，找到文章对Cline对fast fashion态度的描述。根据文章第二段最后句“By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices，Cline argues，these brands have hijacked fashion cycles，shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.”可知，Cline认为一些品牌通过以特别低的价格销售潮流物品将会破坏时尚周期，动摇这个长久以来习惯于季节周期的时尚产业。由hijack（劫持）”和“shake（动摇）”这两个带有贬义色彩的词语可知，Cline对fast fashion是持否定态度的。四个选项中只有accusation（谴责，控诉）体现出否定态度。故答案为B。

根据文章最后一段最后一句“Vanity is a constant；people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.”可知，虚荣心人皆有之，当消费者买不起太多东西的时候，他们才会以更加可持续的方式去购物。换句话说，价格对于环保购买至关重要。故答案为A。

本题考查对全文主旨大意的归纳。通观全文，文章第一段用事例引入fast fashion；第二段讲到作者对 fast fashion的态度—作者认为它破坏了时尚周期，动摇了时尚产业；第三、四段指出fast fashion这种变革的弊端，如：造成自然资源紧张、使用大量有害的化学物质、浪费现象等；最后两段提到针对 fast fashion的不良影响，可以采取的解决办法。综上可知，全文的主题是对高级时尚产业的批评。