考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十九）

责编：希赛网 2023-08-09

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“ Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism" In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing," said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism”. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.1.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the（） .2.Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate（）.3.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be（）.4.The US and France examples are used to illustrate（）.5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、enhance banker's sense of responsibility

B、help corporations achieve larger profits

C、build a new system of financial regulation

D、guarantee the bonuses of top executives

问题2

A、the conditions for generating quick profits

B、governments' impatience in decision-making

C、the solid structure of publicly traded companies

D、"short-termism" in economics activities

问题3

A、indirect

B、adverse

C、minimal

D、temporary

问题4

A、the obstacles to preventing short-termism

B、the significance of long-term thinking

C、the approaches to promoting long-termism

D、the prevalence of short-term thinking

问题5

A、Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

B、Patience as a Corporate Virtue

C、Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

D、Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

2、When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But more and more studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. Instead, the research finds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, “Progress in Brain Research.”Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer’s disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful. “It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing,” said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. “It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind.”For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean, older people slow down even more when the words are related to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students.“For the young people, it’s as if the distraction never happened.” said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. “But for older adults, because they’ve retained all this extra data, they’re now suddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they’ve soaked up from one situation to another.”In the real world, such tendencies can yield big advantages, where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or suggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others’ yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker’s real impact.1.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that____2.Older adults tend to be forgetful because of____3.The studies mentioned in paragraph 3 show that____4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?5.The text intends to tell us that____

问题1

A、aging brains tend to process more information simultaneously.

B、one will become forgetful when he gets old.

C、older people don’t think their brainpower is falling.

D、the aged always stress long-term benefit.

问题2

A、their wide information.

B、the harm of Alzheimer’s disease.

C、their broader range of attention.

D、their frustration from limited attention.

问题3

A、out-of-place words are never negligible.

B、it is advisable for the old to read slowly.

C、there is nothing that can distract young people.

D、old people may be more attentive in face of distractions.

问题4

A、The forgetfulness of the old people turns to be their advantages.

B、The meaning of a point in a memo is changing anytime.

C、Wide attention is actually valuable in daily life.

D、Extra details influence one’s focus of attention.

问题5

A、brains do deteriorate with age.

B、an older brain may be a wiser brain.

C、a brain with disease is a brain with wisdom.

D、how an older brain processes information.

3、Marketers like to work on the demand side—take what s in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. It’s the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and we’ll increase demand.There’s an overlooked alternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others can’t, you win. What is both scarce and in demand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sell maybe an unpopular idea or a product that’s ahead of its time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected world is the product of difficult work.It’s no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe able to do it more cheaply than you. Commoditization doesn’t apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to do. It’s easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isn’t difficult. Neither is running a high traffic website. Amazon will do it for you for pennies on the dollar.With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work faster or do it cheaper than they did it yesterday. And there’s not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your only alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for.What’s difficult? Creating beauty is difficult, whether it’s the tangible beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel approach to a problem. Maybe it’s captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solution—a “beautiful” solution—to an organizational dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people.Leading changes is difficult. It’s difficult to find hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. It’s difficult to stick with a project that everyone seems to dislike. It’s difficult to motivate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed.People who can do difficult work will always be in demand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busywork, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. That’s true of individuals, and also true of companies. That’s because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, marginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization.No longer. The world will belong to those who can create something scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.1.In the text, difficult things are characterized by____2.What can we infer from paragraph 3 and 4 ?3.According to the text, which of the following can be seen as difficult work?4.The underlined phrase “a team of people” in paragraph 6 refers to____5.Our inclination to do easy work goes against____

问题1

A、meeting overlooked demands.

B、requiring big investments.

C、having scarce replacements.

D、challenging public tastes.

问题2

A、The lack of difficulty increases producers’ competitive strength.

B、Commoditization reduces producers’ difficulty in management.

C、Globalization has led to the race to the bottom.

D、Consumers hardly benefit from the competition among produces.

问题3

A、Inventing iPhone.

B、Persisting with ideas out of time.

C、Hosting an auction for antiques.

D、Cutting staff to resist economic crisis.

问题4

A、leaders.

B、producers.

C、marketers.

D、consumers.

问题5

A、the race to the bottom.

B、the growth of organizations.

C、the current market demand.

D、the race to the top.

4、Text 3 Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future. Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.” One respondent said. One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300- year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK. But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each other's work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art. More than half a century' ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the "visual studies" in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa. Nature's poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery' and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.1、According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have________.2、The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that________.3、Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership________.4、What does the author say about CAVS?5、In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations________.

问题1

A、caught the attention of critics.

B、received favorable responses.

C、promoted academic publishing.

D、sparked heated public disputes.

问题2

A、art can offer audiences easy access to science.

B、science can help with the expression of emotions.

C、public participation in science has a promising future.

D、art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations.

问题3

A、their role may be underestimated.

B、their reputation may be impaired.

C、their creativity may be inhibited.

D、their work may be misguided.

问题4

A、It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.

B、It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.

C、Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.

D、Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.

问题5

A、are likely to go beyond public expectations.

B、will intensify interdisciplinary competition.

C、should do more than communicating science.

D、are becoming more popular than before.

5、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life. The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.1、The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being _____2、The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be _____.3、“ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to _____.4、Ms. Markova most probably agree that _____.5、Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _____.

问题1

A、casual

B、familiar

C、mechanical

D、changeable.

问题2

A、predicted

B、regulated

C、traced

D、guided

问题3

A、tracks