考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十八）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、The Earth’s daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock, 1, is actually about twenty-five hours. That’s 2 scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no 3 of day or night. Sleep researchers have 4 other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleeping. 5 eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 6 as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of 7 into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept 8 for three to ten days, has yielded only one certain findings: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and that’s about all; it causes no lasting ill 9. Too much sleep, however, may be 10 for you.These findings 11 some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In 12, scientists don’t know just why sleep is necessary.“We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,” Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function, 13 we feel it has a function. We can’t put our finger on it, but it must, 14 in some way, direct or indirect, have to do with rest and restitution.”Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than 15 actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 16 thing for them to do: it keeps them 17 and hidden from predators; it’s a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in 18 and had little reason to question the reason or need for 19 But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic 20 in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.

问题1

A、however

B、furthermore

C、likewise

D、therefore

问题2

A、the

B、what

C、because

D、many

问题3

A、idea

B、feeling

C、sense

D、judgment

问题4

A、come up against

B、come down to

C、come up with

D、come up to

问题5

A、with

B、like

C、unlike

D、as

问题6

A、little

B、much

C、few

D、long

问题7

A、probe

B、investigation

C、research

D、examination

问题8

A、asleep

B、sleepy

C、active

D、awake

问题9

A、effects

B、affections

C、affects

D、impacts

问题10

A、useful

B、good

C、bad

D、harmful

问题11

A、challenge

B、deny

C、doubt

D、dispute

问题12

A、addition

B、fact

C、line

D、short

问题13

A、if

B、because

C、like

D、provided

问题14

A、at least

B、at most

C、at best

D、at worst

问题15

A、from

B、an

C、the

D、of

问题16

A、worst

B、best

C、only

D、natural

问题17

A、comfortable

B、calm

C、quiet

D、excited

问题18

A、coldness

B、warmth

C、darkness

D、shade

问题19

A、sleep

B、work

C、food

D、clothes

问题20

A、differences

B、similarities

C、resemblance

D、opposites

2、For a century, urban commotion has been treated as a moral failing of individuals. Fixing it will require systemic changes to environmental noise.What are your ears hearing right now? Maybe the bustling sounds of a busy office, or your partner cooking dinner in the next room. Whatever the texture of the sonic landscape of your life may be, beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars.That might seem benign, or perhaps even endearing—the sound of the bustle of the big city. But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick. People forget that noise pollution is still pollution. And noise pollution is everywhere.Unlike many other injuries, hearing damage is irreparable. It also functions differently. People tend to assume that hearing loss is akin to turning down the volume in one’s head—that everything just sounds quieter. But it’s more complex than that. Sound at certain frequencies just vanishes—birdsong, intelligible human speech, the gentle rustling of leaves, the crispy highs of brushes on jazz cymbals. People can avoid using earbuds excessively or attending loud concerts. But people do not necessarily have the ability to avoid high levels of environmental noise—it’s in their neighborhoods, near their schools, at their workplaces. That makes noise pollution a matter of bodily autonomy.Solving the environmental-noise problem has been difficult, partly because for more than a century anti-noise advocates have fought for the right to silence rather than the right to hear.Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure. But environmental noise is just as unsafe. People living in cities are regularly exposed (against their will) to noise above 85 decibels from sources like traffic, subways, industrial activity, and airports. That’s enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. If you have an hour- long commute at such sound levels, your hearing has probably already been affected. Urban life also sustains average background noise levels of 60 decibels, which is loud enough to raise ones blood pressure and heart rate, and cause stress, loss of concentration, and loss of sleep. Sirens are a particularly extreme example of the kind of noise inflicted on people every day: They ring at a sound-pressure level of 120 decibels—a level that corresponds with the human pain threshold, according to the World Health Organization.But since the turn of the 20th century, protecting human hearing has taken a back seat to securing quiet for those with means, and punishing those without. Noise-abatement laws transformed an objective concern about environmental and health conditions into a subjective fight over aesthetic moralism.1.According to the first paragraph, urban commotion is not related to____.2.The word “din” (Line 3, Paragraph 2 and Line 2, Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true of the hearing damage?4.We may infer from the sixth paragraph that____.5.What does the first sentence in the last paragraph mean?

问题1

A、personal moral breakdown

B、individual emotional state

C、city’s or town’s noise pollution

D、one’s clamorous surroundings

问题2

A、a main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

B、a room that is comfortable and secluded

C、a very loud and unpleasant noise that lasts for some time

D、a small buoy used as a marker at sea

问题3

A、It can be repaired or made better.

B、It performs the same function.

C、It makes everything sound quieter.

D、It is caused by over-exposure to noise.

问题4

A、noise exerts its hazardous influence on people in cities and towns

B、noise above 85 decibels causes significant hearing loss over time

C、noise levels of 60 decibels raise one’s blood pressure and heart rate

D、sirens at the level of 120 decibels meet with the human pain threshold

问题5

A、Protecting human hearing used to be of priority in the past.

B、Obtaining quiet environment was once the first consideration.

C、Both safeguarding hearing and securing quiet are significant.

D、Neither protecting hearing nor acquiring quiet is of importance.

3、A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.    Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.    The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 20In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.    Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.    Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.    The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.1、The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to ____2、By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to ____3、According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its ____4、In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test ____5、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ____

问题1

A、condemning.

B、reaffirming.

C、dishonoring.

D、securing.

问题2

A、obtain protection from Vermont regulators.

B、seek favor from the federal legislature.

C、acquire an extension of its business license .

D、get permission to purchase a power plant.

问题3

A、managerial practices.

B、technical innovativeness.

C、financial goals.

D、business vision

问题4

A、Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.

B、the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.

C、the federal authority over nuclear issues .

D、the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.

问题5

A、Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.

B、the authority of the NRC will be defied.

C、Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.

D、Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.

4、States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.” 1、The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ____.2、It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ____.3、According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ____.4、Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?5、In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ____.

问题1

A、better businesses’ relations with states

B、put most online business in a dilemma

C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D、force some states to cut sales tax

问题2

A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B、have cost consumers a lot over the years

C、were widely criticized by online purchases

D、were considered unfavorable by states

问题3

A、hindered economic development.

B、brought prosperity to the country

C、harmed fair market competition

D、boosted growth in states’ revenue

问题4

A、Internet entrepreneurs.

B、Big-chain owners.

C、Third-party sellers.

D、Small retailers.

问题5

A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B、describes the long and complicated process of its making

C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D、cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

5、Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations--trucking, financial advice, software engineering--have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums--from grammar school to college--should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.1、Who will be most threatened by automation?2、Which of the following best represents the author’s view?3、Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ____.4、The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at ____.5、In this text, the author presents a problem with ____.

问题1

A、Leading politicians.

B、Low-wage laborers.

C、Robot owners.

D、Middle-class workers.

问题2

A、Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

B、Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support.

C、Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.

D、Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.

问题3

A、creative potential.

B、job-hunting skills.

C、individual needs.

D、cooperative spirit.

问题4

A、encouraging the development of automation.

B、increasing the return on capital investment.

C、easing the hostility between rich and poor.

D、preventing the income gap from widening.

问题5

A、opposing views on it.

B、possible solutions to it.

C、its alarming impacts.

D、its major variations.