考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十八）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、The Earth’s daily clock, measured in a single revolution, is twenty-four hours. The human clock, 1, is actually about twenty-five hours. That’s 2 scientists who study sleep have determined from human subjects who live for several weeks in observation chambers with no 3 of day or night. Sleep researchers have 4 other surprising discoveries as well.We spend about one-third of our lives asleep, a fact that suggests sleeping. 5 eating and breathing, is fundamental life process. Yet some people almost never sleep, getting by on as 6 as fifteen minutes a day. And more than seventy years of 7 into sleep deprivation, in which people have been kept 8 for three to ten days, has yielded only one certain findings: Sleep loss makes a person sleepy and that’s about all; it causes no lasting ill 9. Too much sleep, however, may be 10 for you.These findings 11 some long-held views of sleep, and they raise questions about its fundamental purpose in our lives. In 12, scientists don’t know just why sleep is necessary.“We get sleepy, and when we sleep, that sleepiness is reversed,” Dr. Howard Roffwarg of the University of Texas in Dallas explains. “We know sleep has a function, 13 we feel it has a function. We can’t put our finger on it, but it must, 14 in some way, direct or indirect, have to do with rest and restitution.”Other scientists think sleep is more the result of evolutionary habit than 15 actual need. Animals sleep for some parts of the day perhaps because it is the 16 thing for them to do: it keeps them 17 and hidden from predators; it’s a survival tactic. Before the advent of electricity, humans had to spend at least some of each day in 18 and had little reason to question the reason or need for 19 But the development of the electroencephalograph and the resulting discovery in 1937 of dramatic 20 in brain activity between sleep and wakefulness opened the way for scientific inquiry in the subject.

问题1

A、however

B、furthermore

C、likewise

D、therefore

问题2

A、the

B、what

C、because

D、many

问题3

A、idea

B、feeling

C、sense

D、judgment

问题4

A、come up against

B、come down to

C、come up with

D、come up to

问题5

A、with

B、like

C、unlike

D、as

问题6

A、little

B、much

C、few

D、long

问题7

A、probe

B、investigation

C、research

D、examination

问题8

A、asleep

B、sleepy

C、active

D、awake

问题9

A、effects

B、affections

C、affects

D、impacts

问题10

A、useful

B、good

C、bad

D、harmful

问题11

A、challenge

B、deny

C、doubt

D、dispute

问题12

A、addition

B、fact

C、line

D、short

问题13

A、if

B、because

C、like

D、provided

问题14

A、at least

B、at most

C、at best

D、at worst

问题15

A、from

B、an

C、the

D、of

问题16

A、worst

B、best

C、only

D、natural

问题17

A、comfortable

B、calm

C、quiet

D、excited

问题18

A、coldness

B、warmth

C、darkness

D、shade

问题19

A、sleep

B、work

C、food

D、clothes

问题20

A、differences

B、similarities

C、resemblance

D、opposites

2、For a century, urban commotion has been treated as a moral failing of individuals. Fixing it will require systemic changes to environmental noise.What are your ears hearing right now? Maybe the bustling sounds of a busy office, or your partner cooking dinner in the next room. Whatever the texture of the sonic landscape of your life may be, beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars.That might seem benign, or perhaps even endearing—the sound of the bustle of the big city. But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick. People forget that noise pollution is still pollution. And noise pollution is everywhere.Unlike many other injuries, hearing damage is irreparable. It also functions differently. People tend to assume that hearing loss is akin to turning down the volume in one’s head—that everything just sounds quieter. But it’s more complex than that. Sound at certain frequencies just vanishes—birdsong, intelligible human speech, the gentle rustling of leaves, the crispy highs of brushes on jazz cymbals. People can avoid using earbuds excessively or attending loud concerts. But people do not necessarily have the ability to avoid high levels of environmental noise—it’s in their neighborhoods, near their schools, at their workplaces. That makes noise pollution a matter of bodily autonomy.Solving the environmental-noise problem has been difficult, partly because for more than a century anti-noise advocates have fought for the right to silence rather than the right to hear.Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure. But environmental noise is just as unsafe. People living in cities are regularly exposed (against their will) to noise above 85 decibels from sources like traffic, subways, industrial activity, and airports. That’s enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. If you have an hour- long commute at such sound levels, your hearing has probably already been affected. Urban life also sustains average background noise levels of 60 decibels, which is loud enough to raise ones blood pressure and heart rate, and cause stress, loss of concentration, and loss of sleep. Sirens are a particularly extreme example of the kind of noise inflicted on people every day: They ring at a sound-pressure level of 120 decibels—a level that corresponds with the human pain threshold, according to the World Health Organization.But since the turn of the 20th century, protecting human hearing has taken a back seat to securing quiet for those with means, and punishing those without. Noise-abatement laws transformed an objective concern about environmental and health conditions into a subjective fight over aesthetic moralism.1.According to the first paragraph, urban commotion is not related to____.2.The word “din” (Line 3, Paragraph 2 and Line 2, Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true of the hearing damage?4.We may infer from the sixth paragraph that____.5.What does the first sentence in the last paragraph mean?

问题1

A、personal moral breakdown

B、individual emotional state

C、city’s or town’s noise pollution

D、one’s clamorous surroundings

问题2

A、a main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

B、a room that is comfortable and secluded

C、a very loud and unpleasant noise that lasts for some time

D、a small buoy used as a marker at sea

问题3

A、It can be repaired or made better.

B、It performs the same function.

C、It makes everything sound quieter.

D、It is caused by over-exposure to noise.

问题4

A、noise exerts its hazardous influence on people in cities and towns

B、noise above 85 decibels causes significant hearing loss over time

C、noise levels of 60 decibels raise one’s blood pressure and heart rate

D、sirens at the level of 120 decibels meet with the human pain threshold

问题5

A、Protecting human hearing used to be of priority in the past.

B、Obtaining quiet environment was once the first consideration.

C、Both safeguarding hearing and securing quiet are significant.

D、Neither protecting hearing nor acquiring quiet is of importance.

3、A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.    Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.    The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 20In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.    Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.    Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.    The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.1、The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to ____2、By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to ____3、According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its ____4、In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test ____5、It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ____

问题1

A、condemning.

B、reaffirming.

C、dishonoring.

D、securing.

问题2

A、obtain protection from Vermont regulators.

B、seek favor from the federal legislature.

C、acquire an extension of its business license .

D、get permission to purchase a power plant.

问题3

A、managerial practices.

B、technical innovativeness.

C、financial goals.

D、business vision

问题4

A、Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.

B、the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.

C、the federal authority over nuclear issues .

D、the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.

问题5

A、Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.

B、the authority of the NRC will be defied.

C、Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.

D、Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.

4、States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited States’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.” The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to. Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state. Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.” 1、The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ____.2、It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ____.3、According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ____.4、Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?5、In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ____.

问题1

A、better businesses’ relations with states

B、put most online business in a dilemma

C、make more online shoppers pay sales tax

D、force some states to cut sales tax

问题2

A、have led to the dominance of e-commerce

B、have cost consumers a lot over the years

C、were widely criticized by online purchases

D、were considered unfavorable by states

问题3

A、hindered economic development.

B、brought prosperity to the country

C、harmed fair market competition

D、boosted growth in states’ revenue

问题4

A、Internet entrepreneurs.

B、Big-chain owners.

C、Third-party sellers.

D、Small retailers.

问题5

A、gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

B、describes the long and complicated process of its making

C、presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D、cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

5、Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations--trucking, financial advice, software engineering--have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums--from grammar school to college--should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.1、Who will be most threatened by automation?2、Which of the following best represents the author’s view?3、Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on ____.4、The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at ____.5、In this text, the author presents a problem with ____.

问题1

A、Leading politicians.

B、Low-wage laborers.

C、Robot owners.

D、Middle-class workers.

问题2

A、Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

B、Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support.

C、Issues arising from automation need to be tackled.

D、Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.

问题3

A、creative potential.

B、job-hunting skills.

C、individual needs.

D、cooperative spirit.

问题4

A、encouraging the development of automation.

B、increasing the return on capital investment.

C、easing the hostility between rich and poor.

D、preventing the income gap from widening.

问题5

A、opposing views on it.

B、possible solutions to it.

C、its alarming impacts.

D、its major variations.

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:C;第5题:B;第6题:A;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:A;第10题:C;第11题:A;第12题:B;第13题:B;第14题:A;第15题:D;第16题:B;第17题:C;第18题:C;第19题:A;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.A
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系，根据上下文的意思以及提示词actually，以判断出本句与上句是转折关系。所以，正确答案是A。
2.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。句子的谓语是is，空格处缺的必然是一个连词或关系词。what是关系代词，在从句中作宾语；because是连词，表示原因。根据前后句的逻辑关系，正确选项是B。在本句中，what引导的这个表语从句比较复杂。who study sleep是定语从句，修饰主语scientists ；定语从句who live for several weeks...day or night 修饰先行词 human subjects。
3.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。四个选项中可以和with no of搭配的只有idea和sense。idea意为“念头，想法，主意”；sense意为“由刺激产生的感觉或知觉”。根据上下文，符合句意的是C。句意是：“接受试验的人在观察室里住几个星期，感觉不到白天和黑夜。”
4.C
【解析】本题考查短语辨析。come up against意为“突然或意外碰到困难或反对等”；come down to意为“归结为”；come up with意为“提出，拿出，发现”；come up to意为“比得上，达到”。C符合句意，故为正确答案。句意是：“睡眠研究者们还提出了其他令人惊讶的发现。”
5.B
【解析】本题考查介词用法。空格处的介词体现的是sleeping和eating and breathing的关系。从上下文得知“睡眠是最重要的生命过程”。根据我们的常识，吃饭、呼吸和睡眠一样重要。
6.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据前文的提示almost never sleep.我们可直接选出正确答案A。句意是：然而一些人几乎从来不睡觉，一天只睡15分钟就可以了
7.C
【的析】本题考查近义词辨析。四个选项都可以和into搭配，都含“调查，研究，探索”的意思。probe是新闻用语，指广泛而彻底的调查；investigation指详尽的调查；以弄清事实真相；research指科学家为了发现新的事实从原始资料开始进行的调查或研究；examination强调详细观察或检验某事以求了解其真实情况。据此C符合句意。
8.D
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据上文sleep deprivation和下文sleep loss的提示，可知正确答案为D。
9.A
【解析】本题考查习惯搭配。空格所在句的意思是：“在七十多年对睡眠丧失的研究中，让人们不睡觉，时间是从三天到十天，得出了一个肯定的结果：睡眠损失让人犯困，仅此而已；没有长期的副作用或负面影响。”ill effects是习惯搭配，意为“副作用，负面影响”。
10.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据上下文和常识，可以首先排除useful和good，bad后面跟名词或代词时，常见的搭配是to be bad for sb./sth. ；harmful后面跟名词或代词时，常见的搭配是to be harmful to sb./sth.。所以，正确答案是C。
11.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。challenge意为“质询（某人某事的合法性、正确性）”；deny意为“否认；否定；拒绝相信”；doubt意为“怀疑，拿不准”；dispute意为“争论，辩论；驳斥”。根据上下文的意思.正确答案是A。
12.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。in与四个选项都可构成短语。in addition意为“又，另外”，表示递进；in fact意为“事实是，事实上”，表示转折；in line意为“成一直线，成一排”；in short意为“总之”，表示总结。根据上下文的意思，正确答案是B。
13.B
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。此处要求弄清“我们知道睡眠的职能”和“我们感觉到了睡眠的作用”的逻辑关系。根据上下文的意思，正确答案是B。
14.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。at least意为“至少”；at most意为“最多”；at best意为“充其量，至多”；at worst 意为“在最坏/最不利的情况下”。根据常识和上下文，我们知道睡眠和休息复原是有关系的。所以，首先排除 B和C。这里讨论的是睡眠与休息复原的关系，不存在什么最坏最好情况的假设，所以D也排除。正确答案是A。句意是：“虽然我们不能准确地指出睡眠的功用，但它肯定至少在某些方面，与休息和复原有者直接或间接的关系。”
15.D
【解析】本题考查逻辑关系。than前后的结构必然是平行对称的。所以可以很容易地补全了空格前省略掉的词，即：the result，当然也很容易地选出正确答案D。句意是：“其他一些科学家认为，与其说睡眠是进化习惯的结果，倒不如说是实际需要的结果。”
16.B
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。根据下文“睡觉使它们__，躲开食肉动物”，我们可选出正确答案B。相关部分的意思是：“动物在一天中的某些时候睡觉，可能是因为睡觉对于它们来说是最好的事，……”
17.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。首先可以排除excited（兴奋的），因为根据上下文和常识.睡眠不可能使动物兴奋、激动。根据下文提示hidden from predators（躲开食肉动物），it’s a survival tactic（这是一条生存策略），可以推断正确答案是C。
18.C
【解析】本题考查上下文推理，根据上文“在发明电以前”和常识.可以直接选出正确答案C。相关部分的意思是：“在发明电以前，人们至少在每天的某些时候不得不生活在黑暗中。”
19.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理句意是：“在发现电以前，人们至少在每天的某些时候不得不生活在黑暗中，所以人们没什么理由去质疑__的原因和需要。”根据上下文和常识，四个选项中最符合句意的是A。
20.A
【解析】本题考查上下文推理。句意是：“但是，脑电图仪的发展，以及人们1937的发现——大脑活动在睡眠状态和清醒状态下存在着巨大的__，——为睡眠这一课题的科学研究开辟了道路。”根据上下文，四个选项中最符合句意的是A。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.B
【解析】题目是关于第一段中城市喧嚣的表述。题目问根据第一段内容，城市喧嚣与_无关。原文指出：一个世纪以来，城市喧嚣一直被视为是个人道德缺失的表现。解决这个问题需要使环境噪声发生系统性的改变。由此可以判断城市喧嚣与人们的道德缺失、环境噪声等有关，这些因素都可以导致城市喧嚣。只有选项B individual emotional state“个人的情绪状态”在文中没有提到，是正确答案。
2.C
【解析】题目问第二段第三行和第三段第二行的din是什么意思。该词所在句子为beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars （在这一切的背后都是同样无处不在的_：汽车的声音）以及 But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick...noise pollution is everywhere （但是汽车的_，以及运输和工业活动，正在使人们生病……噪声污染无处不在）。我们可以推断出这个词与声音、噪声是同义词或近义词，而最接近这个意思的是选项C“一种持续一段时间的、非常响亮而令人不快的声音”。
3.D
【解析】题目问关于听力损伤哪个选项是正确的，本题涉及多处细节与原文的一致性。文章第六段第一句话提到Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure，大意是，对听力损失的关注主要集中在过度接触噪音上。选项D“它是由过度接触噪声引起的”与此信息一致，是正确选项。
4.A
【解析】题目是对第六段内容的推理判断。选项A“噪声对城镇居民的危害很大”，这一结论可以从第六段的整体内容中推断出来。原文指出，环境噪声也同样不安全。然后分别说明了不同分贝值的噪音对人的伤害。因此选项A是对原文内容的正确推断。
5.A
【解析】题目问最后一段的第一句话是什么意思。文章最后一段第一句话指出“但自二十世纪以来，保护人类听力已被置于次要地位，对那些有办法的人来说确保安静才是更重要的，而没有办法的人只能受噪音的折磨了”。只有选项A“在过去，保护人类的听力是最重要的”与原文内容相吻合，为正确选项。

3、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

reneging 的原形是renege，本义是“食言”“否认”之意，为反向意义词。而四个选项中A 中的condemning 意为“谴责”“处刑”B中的reaffirming 意为“重申”“再肯定，再断言”，C中的dishonoring的意为“拒付，不兑付”，在意思和方向上都符合，D中securing 意为“保证，使保险”的含义。本文主要在说Entergy这个公司不兑现自己的诺言，所以应选C项。

本题答案定位在文中第三段每两句话，As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale , the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 20“as a condition of”可以理解为“为了”，D 项中的“purchase ”一词就是对文中“sale”的替换。

题干：“根据第四段Entergy公司似乎在它的····上存在着问题”，题目中已清晰把答案范围确定在第四段，通过阅读第四段我们可以看到Entergy公司出现了一系列的事故“a string of accidents”,而后面的这句“raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management”就是本题的答案所在了。其中 “managerial” “management”仍是同一单词的变形。

首先从题干知道考察的是作者的观点。 “佛蒙特州事件”和will test在文章中的定位是在第5段第5句话，“Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend”意思是“佛蒙特州事件将会检验是这些权利延伸多远的先例”。这句话是legal scholars的观点。重点是理解certainly和but后面的意思。虽然作者承认担忧如果每个周各行其是的后果是合理的，但是But后面是个虚拟语气，与事实相反。所以作者的真正态度是支持legal scholars的观点，即佛蒙特州事件是对州法规的权限的考验。How far those power extended与D选项的the limits of states’ power与选项D“各州在核问题上的权限”是相匹配的，因此正确答案为D。其他选项与“佛蒙特州事件”带来的检验，文中并未直接提及。

最后一段主要讲的是“Entergy公司的名誉已严重受创。该公司向联邦申请：许可Pilgrim核电站获得另外20年的开放权。但是作者认为，核管理委员会在审核该公司的申请的时候，务必要考虑下该公司的信誉问题。”A选项“Entergy公司在其它地方的生意将会受到影响”由最后一段的第一句话“Entergy公司的名誉已严重受创”就可以推断出来;B“核管理委员会的权威将会被藐视”最后一段没有给出任何要藐视核管理委员会的暗含信息，因此B选项错误;C “Entergy公司将会撤回关于Pilgrim核电站的申请”，最后一段同样没给出类似的暗含信息;D “Vermont的名声将会受到破坏” 同样，从最后一段，根本无法推断出。因此，最佳答案是A。

4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

【解析】根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段第一句“States will be able to force more people to paysales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.”，由此可知最高法院的裁决可能让州政府去强制消费者在网上购物时要上交销售税，C项make more online shoppers pay sales tax“让更多的在线购物者支付销售税”，与语义相符，故选C。其他三项与语境不符，排除。

【解析】根据题干定位到文章第二段“...that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.”，由此可知，州政府抱怨之前的政策导致每年税收损失惨重，原政策让州政府很难收取网。上购物的营业税。综合可知，D项were considered unfavorable by state“州政府认为原政策对州不利”为正确答案，故选D。其他三项均不合语义，排除。

【解析】根据题干定位到文章第四段，在大法官安东尼·肯尼迪看来the physical presence rule阻止市场参与者在公平的竞争环境中竞争，言下之意是该规则损害了公平的市场竞争。C项harmed.fair market competition“破坏了市场公平竞争”，与此相符。其他三项均不合语义，故选C。

【解析】根据题干细节“most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling”定位到文章第五段第一句“The ruling is a victory for big chains...”，由此可知这项裁决对于大型连锁公司来说是受益的，从而得出B项Big-chain owners“大型连锁公司”。故选B。

【解析】A项“做客观说明，并讨论其后果”与作者的写作安排相符，其中的its consequences是对最高法院周四新裁决（the Supreme Court decision）之于big chains和各州政府等的意义的概括。A项为正确答案。B项意为“描述该裁决漫长又复杂的制定过程”，纵观全文可知，文章完全没有提到裁决的制定过程，B项可快速排除。C项“通过相互矛盾的观点来展现该裁决的主要内容”，全文并未大篇幅强调“赢家”和“输家”对新裁决的不同观点，C项应排除。D项迷惑性很大，其中的cases为文章第三段的原词。但需注意，该段开头的cases回指第二段中的两项裁决，与D项语境中的cases不是一个意思。此外，即便D项中的cases等同于文中的“两项裁决”，文章在围绕the Supreme Court decision Thursday展开论述时，这些cases及关于这些cases的implications的阐述也只占很少一部分篇幅，不足以概括本篇文章的写作内容。故排除BCD项。

5、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:C;第3题:A;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

【解析】根据题干关键信息most threatened和automation可定位至文章第二段。本段第二句指出，牛津大学的一项研究显示，美国大约有一半的工作面临着被自动化取代的高风险，而中产阶级受到挤压的比例最高。第四句具体指出许多中产阶级的工作，比如货车运输、金融咨询、软件工程等，已经或即将引起机器人的兴趣。由此可知，中产阶级工人受自动化影响最为严重。故选D。

【解析】文章第三段第二、三句提到，乐观主义者指出过去的技术变革给工人带来了益处。尽管工业革命对反对技术进步者来说并不是那么友好，因为他们的工作被自动化所取代，但最终工业革命提高了人们的生活水平，并创造了更多的工作机会。接着第四、五句又指出，自动化最终也会提高生产力，使工人从繁重枯燥的工作中解脱出来。但在这个过程中，中产阶级工人可能需要大量的帮助来进行调整。也就是说，中产阶级工人在调整适应变化时可能需要大量帮助。故选C。

【解析】根据题干关键信息Education和put more emphasis on可定位至文章第四段。本段首句就指出应对自动化时代的第一步就是重新思考教育和职业培训。接着下文给出了具体方法：课程设置应当更多地关注创造力和复杂沟通技能的教育；职业学校应当更好地培养学生解决问题的能力；网络教育可以为人们提供额外的培训和指导。因此A选项正确。

【解析】根据题干关键信息tax policies可定位至文章第六段。本段首句提到，由于自动化可能扩大资本收入和劳动收入之间的差距，所以税收和安全网将不得不重新考虑。接着具体解释税收政策应该如何调整，如削减低收入工人的税等；末句指出，这将提高收入，鼓励就业，减少不平等。由此可知，重新考虑税收政策的目的就是阻止收入差距扩大。故选D。

【解析】纵观全文，作者在前两段提出中产阶级面临的一个问题，即自动化将威胁到中产阶级工人的工作，接着第三段指出乐观主义者认为这也许对工人们是有利的，只是中产阶级工人可能需要做出调整来适应这一改变。第四段至第六段就是作者给出的一些解决办法，如教育上要培养学生的创造力和实际技能，以及对于税收政策的调整等。最后一段则概括总结全文。所以这是一篇提出问题、分析问题并解决问题的文章。故选B。