考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练（四百一十六）

本文提供考研201英语（一）在线题库每日一练，以下为具体内容

1、A small group of Internet security specialists gathered in Singapore to start up a Global system to make e-mail and e-commerce more secure, end the rapid growth of passwords and raise the bar significantly for Internet fraud, spies and troublemakers.The Singapore event included an elaborate technical ceremony to create and then securely store numerical keys that will be kept in three hardened data centers there, in Zurich and in San Jose, Calif. The keys and data centers are working parts of a technology known as Secure DNS, or DNSSEC. DNS refers to the Domain Name System, which is a directory that connects names to numerical Internet addresses. Preliminary work on the security system had been going on for more than a year, but this was the first time the system went into operation, even though it is not quite complete.The three centers are fortresses made up of five layers of physical, electronic and cryptographic security, making it virtually impossible to damage the system. Four layers are active now. The fifth, a physical barrier, is being built inside the data center.The technology is viewed by many computer security specialists as a ray of hope amid the recent cascade of data thefts, attacks, disruptions and scandals, including break-ins at Citibank, Sony, Lockheed Martin, RSA Security and elsewhere. It allows users to communicate via the Internet with high confidence that the identity of the person or organization they are communicating with is not being tricked or forged.Internet engineers like Dan Kaminsky, an independent network security researcher who is one of the engineers involved in the project, want to counteract three major deficiencies in today’s Internet. There is no mechanism for ensuring trust, the quality of software is uneven, and it is difficult to track down bad actors.One reason for these flaws is that from the 1960s through the 1980s the engineers who designed the network’s underlying technology were concerned about reliable, rather than secure, communications. That is starting to change with the introduction of Secure DNS by governments and other organizations.The event in Singapore capped a process that began more than a year ago and is expected to be complete after 300 so-called top-level domains have been digitally signed. Before the Singapore event, 70 countries had adopted the technology, and 14 more were added as part of the event. While large countries are generally doing the technical work to include their own domains in the system, the association of Internet security specialists is helping smaller countries and organizations with the process.1.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that the Singapore event intended to____.2.It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that___.3.The word “counteract”(Line 2, Paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to___.4.Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?5.What would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、complete three data centers

B、put an end to Internet fraud

C、launch the Global system Secure DNS

D、connect domain names to Web addresses

问题2

A、the Secure DNS has protected lots of companies from data thefts

B、experts see Secure DNS as a promising technology

C、companies like Sony are undergoing an Internet security crisis

D、communicating via the Internet makes people more confident

问题3

A、eliminate

B、hide

C、assess

D、substitute

问题4

A、Secure DNS will be completed soon.

B、Internet engineers prefer to wait and see how things go.

C、Domains of more countries will be included in Secure DNS.

D、More countries are supposed to invest in Secure DNS.

问题5

A、The Network Security Condition Is Worrying

B、Secure DNS Has Grown Mature Nowadays

C、Secure DNS Will Become a Popular technology

D、A Stronger Net Security System Is Under Way

2、When older people can no longer remember names at a cocktail party, they tend to think that their brainpower is declining. But more and more studies suggest that this assumption is often wrong. Instead, the research finds, the aging brain is simply taking in more data and trying to sift through a clutter of information, often to its long-term benefit. The studies are analyzed in a new edition of a neurology book, “Progress in Brain Research.”Some brains do deteriorate with age. Alzheimer’s disease, for example, strikes 13 percent of Americans 65 and older. But for most aging adults, the authors say, much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact, like a name or a telephone number. Although that can be frustrating, it is often useful. “It may be that distractibility is not, in fact, a bad thing,” said Shelley H. Carson, a psychology researcher at Harvard whose work was cited in the book. “It may increase the amount of information available to the conscious mind.”For example, in studies where subjects are asked to read passages that are interrupted with unexpected words or phrases, adults 60 and older work much more slowly than college students. Although the students plow through the texts at a consistent speed regardless of what the out-of-place words mean, older people slow down even more when the words are related to the topic at hand. That indicates that they are not just stumbling over the extra information, but are taking it in and processing it. When both groups were later asked questions for which the out-of-place words might be answers, the older adults responded much better than the students.“For the young people, it’s as if the distraction never happened.” said an author of the review, Lynn Hasher, a professor of psychology at the University of Toronto and a senior scientist at the Rotman Research Institute. “But for older adults, because they’ve retained all this extra data, they’re now suddenly the better problem solvers. They can transfer the information they’ve soaked up from one situation to another.”In the real world, such tendencies can yield big advantages, where it is not always clear what information is important, or will become important. A seemingly irrelevant point or suggestion in a memo can take on new meaning if the original plan changes. Or extra details that stole your attention, like others’ yawning and fidgeting, may help you assess the speaker’s real impact.1.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that____2.Older adults tend to be forgetful because of____3.The studies mentioned in paragraph 3 show that____4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?5.The text intends to tell us that____

问题1

A、aging brains tend to process more information simultaneously.

B、one will become forgetful when he gets old.

C、older people don’t think their brainpower is falling.

D、the aged always stress long-term benefit.

问题2

A、their wide information.

B、the harm of Alzheimer’s disease.

C、their broader range of attention.

D、their frustration from limited attention.

问题3

A、out-of-place words are never negligible.

B、it is advisable for the old to read slowly.

C、there is nothing that can distract young people.

D、old people may be more attentive in face of distractions.

问题4

A、The forgetfulness of the old people turns to be their advantages.

B、The meaning of a point in a memo is changing anytime.

C、Wide attention is actually valuable in daily life.

D、Extra details influence one’s focus of attention.

问题5

A、brains do deteriorate with age.

B、an older brain may be a wiser brain.

C、a brain with disease is a brain with wisdom.

D、how an older brain processes information.

3、Text 1 People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart. Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. "It's like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amounts, it goes wrong;' she says. "The object you make is already a time bomb." And sometimes, it's not the artist's fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen "nature carpets" - large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets - which meant they had to be durable. So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardfs sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals "sunscreens" because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases. Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common. And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history - Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on - after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, "and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve ... will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen. 1、According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in________.2、Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are________.3、Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to________.4、The author thinks that preservation of plastics is________.5、In Ferreira's opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts________.

问题1

A、maintaining their plastic items.

B、obtaining durable plastic artifacts.

C、handling outdated plastic exhibits.

D、classifying their plastic collections.

问题2

A、immune to decay.

B、improperly shaped.

C、inherently flawed.

D、complex in structure.

问题3

A、keep them from hurting visitors.

B、duplicate them for future display.

C、have their ingredients analyzed.

D、prevent them from further damage.

问题4

A、costly.

B、unworthy

C、unpopular.

D、challenging.

问题5

A、will inspire future scientific research.

B、has profound historical significance.

C、will help us separate the material ages.

D、has an impact on today's cultural life

4、Text 3 ①As a historian, who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past., I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). ②I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. ③People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. ④They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter. ①Of course, I need to concede that my collection of “Smiling Victorians” makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. ②How do we explain this trend? ①During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. ②The thought ofholding afixedgrin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the  norm. ①But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. ②Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we mustlookelsewhere for an explanation of whyVictorians stillhesitatedtosmile. ①One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. ②“Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. ③A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was notguaranteed). ①A toothy  grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming  look for properly bred persons.②Even Mark Twain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be "nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever". 1、According to Paragraph 1, the author ’ s  posts  on Twitter______. 2、What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected? 3、What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s? 4、Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______ . 5、Which of the following questions does the text  answer?

问题1

A、changed people’s impression of the Victorians

B、highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies

C、re-evaluated the Victorian’s notion of public image

D、illustrated the development of Victorian photography

问题2

A、They are in popular use among historians.

B、They are rare among photographs of that age.

C、They mirror 19th-century social conventions.

D、They show effects of different exposure times.

问题3

A、Their inherent social sensitiveness.

B、Their tension before the camera.

C、Their distrust of new inventions.

D、Their unhealthy dental condition.

问题4

A、a deep-root belief

B、a misguided attitude

C、a controversial view

D、a thought-provoking idea

问题5

A、Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?

B、Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?

C、What made photography develop in the Victorian period?

D、How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?

5、While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.    Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.    Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”    Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”    Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”    Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1、Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?2、Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women _____.3、According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be _____.4、The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that _____.5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

B、Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

C、Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

D、Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

问题2

A、need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

B、have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

C、are more capable of avoiding stress.

D、are exposed to more stress.

问题3

A、domestic and temporary.

B、irregular and violent.

C、durable and frequent.

D、trivial and random.

问题4

A、Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

B、Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

C、Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

D、Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

问题5

A、Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B、Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C、Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D、Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

1、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:C;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】根据题干关键词Paragraphs 1 and 2定位至文章第一、二段。文章首段指出，互联网安全专家齐聚新加坡的目的是启动一个新的全球性网络安全系统（start up a Global system）。第二段介绍了此次新加坡会议包含一个创建密码并将其储存在三个数据中心的技术仪式（The Singapore event included an elaborate technical ceremony to create and then securely store numerical keys...），而密码和数据中心都是Secure DNS技术的一部分（The keys and data centers are working parts of a technology known as Secure DNS, or DNSSEC），由此可知，首段提到的全球网络安全系统，即第二段中提及的Secure DNS，故选项C与原文内容相符，为答案。
2.B
【解析】根据题干关键词Paragraph 4可定位至文章第四段。该段首句提到，在近来各种网络破坏事件频繁发生的情况下，许多电脑安全专家都将这一技术视为一线希望（The technology is viewed by many computer security specialists as a ray of hope），“这一技术”便是指文中第二段提到的Secure DNS。接着本段第二句指出Secure DNS这项技术的功用：它可以确保在网上交流或交易的人或组织的身份不存在虚假和伪造的情况（...high confidence that the identity...is not being tricked or forged）。选项B“专家将 Secure DNS视为一项有希望的技术”符合文意，故为答案。
3.A
【解析】counteract一词位于第五段首句。该句主干部分意为“网络工程师们想要_互联网目前存在的三个主要缺陷”，之后的第二句具体指出了这三个缺陷。从语意上看，此处应是指出工程师们的意愿，即建立网络安全系统的目的，那么工程师研发安全系统的目的应该在于“消除”这些缺陷。所以counteract应该意为“抵制；消除”，选项A eliminate（消除；消灭）与其含义最为接近，为正确选项。
4.C
【解析】根据题干关键词the last paragraph定位至最后一段。该段第二、三句介绍了Secure DNS技术的使用和推广情况。第二句指出，在新加坡会议之前已经有70个国家采用了Secure DNS 技术（70 countries had adopted the technology），此次会议上又有14个国家加入进来（14 more were added as part of the event）。接着第三句指出“大国普遍在进行将其域名加入该系统的技术工作，而互联网安全专家小组正在帮助较小的国家和机构进行这项工作”，由此可以判断，更多国家的域名将会被加入到Secure DNS系统中来。选项C表述的内容与原文吻合，故为正确选项。
5.D
【解析】本题要求选择文章的最佳标题，故需对各段大意进行总结概括。本文开宗明义，直入主题：互联网安全专家启动了一个全球性的互联网安全系统，以确保电子邮件和电子商务更为安全，避免密码数量不断增加，极大地阻止互联网欺诈、间谍活动和捣乱分子。第二、三段对这个新的安全系统——Secure DNS的技术细节进行了说明。第四至六段说明了Secure DNS系统要解决的问题、现有网络的缺陷以及造成这些缺陷的原因。末段介绍了Secure DNS系统的使用状况。综上所述，全文讨论的中心是“新的全球网络安全系统Secure DNS”，从其技术细节、功能作用以及使用状况等方面展开，故四个选项中，最切合文意的是选项D。

2、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.A
【解析】此题是一道细节分析题，考查对文章中相关细节的理解。第一段提出老年人记忆变差，并非是智能衰退，而是摄取更多信息并进行筛选，第二段引用该书作者的观点，提出老年人记忆广度在加宽，虽然记忆力下降了，但这很有用。两段的共同信息是老年人的大脑注意范围广，同时加工信息多，从而印证了A选项“老年人的头脑往往能同时处理更多的信息”的正确性。
2.C
【解析】本题考查对文章中相关细节的理解。根据题干信息be forgetful，我们可以定位到第二段转折后的句子“much of what occurs is a gradually widening focus of attention that makes it more difficult to latch onto just one fact...”，句中的 difficult to latch onto just one fact 对应题干中的 be forgetful；句中that所指代的内容就是健忘的原因，而that所指代的是先行词（widening focus of） attention，是C选项 their broader range of attention 的同义转述，所以C选项正确。
3.D
【解析】本题是一道细节分析题，考查对文章中相关细节的理解。第三段提出老年人和年轻大学生对阅读材料中干扰信息的加工不同，老年人降低阅读速度，深度加工了材料中的不恰当词语（out-of-place words），被问及相关信息时，比学生反应更佳。但这只是实例的描述，应该结合前后文的论述对其加以总结，这个实证研究旨在证明前文的论题——老人的注意广度更宽，即忽略的信息更少了，老年人与年轻大学生面对干扰信息（distraction out-of-place words）时的对比，正好用D选项“老年人面对干扰时可能更加注意这些干扰信息”加以总结。所以答案为D。
4.C
【解析】本题考查对原文多处细节的推理及理解句子之间关系的能力。本题看似考查最后一段，其实应该结合上一段内容，找出such tendencies所指的内容——老年人更宽的注意广度，即对更多细节信息（包括干扰信息）的加工；如此一来，就解释清楚了本段主题句such tendencies can yield big advantages in the real world的含义：更宽的注意广度（甚至包括对干扰信息的加工）在现实生活中是一个很大的优势。抽象地说，是对老年人的注意广度给予了积极的评价，而C选项恰好对这个命题做了相应的总结。
5.B
【解析】本题是一道文章主旨题。考查对文章主旨和框架的理解。这是一篇选摘的文章，基本上保留了原文的框架。B选项就是文章的原标题，是全文主题的提炼和概括。纵览全文，首段提出老年人记忆变差，并非是智能衰退，而是大脑在深度加工信息；第二段提出老年人记忆广度在加宽，虽然记忆下降，但这很有用；第三、四段为相关实验的过程，并点评到老人由于注意广度，更善于解决与干扰相关的问题；第五段评价老人这种特征的优势。总而言之，文章对老年人的智能进行了正面的评价。B选项“老人的大脑可能是一个更聪明的大脑”既包含了核心问题——老人的智能（an older brain），又对其进行了正面的评价（wiser），是正确选项。

3、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:D;第5题:B;

试题解析：第1题:

首先，根据题干关键词museum, faced with, difficulties定位到第一段第七句“All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects”。huge headaches，是题干difficulties的同义替换，再根据all of which得知，答案就是which的指代内容，即：第一段三句至六句But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out additives. They melt into sludge.“some plastic materials change over time”（一些塑料材料会随着时间发生改变），这是博物馆的所遇到的困难，因此选择A。

B项是利用段落中的原词设置了干扰，比如durable, plastics；C项无中生有；D项无中生有。

首先，根据题干关键词Van Oosten believes和certain plastic objects定位到第二段第一句“Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten”。 “says Thea van Oosten”对应了题干的 “Van Oosten”，“Certain artifacts”对应了题干的 “certain plastic objects”，所以，能够对应 “vulnerable”的信息就是正确选项。因此选择C项（inherently flawed）就是正确答案。

A、D 项在段落中找不到根据，属于无中生有。B项则是利用段落中的原词properly设置了干扰improperly shaped，但是对文中的mix（混合）进行了概念的偷换，换成了shape（塑形），故也是错误的。

首先，根据题干关键词Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks定位到第四段最后一句 “Museums locked some of them away in the dark.”其中locked some of them away in the dark被改写成了stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks。再通过语义的理解，找到这种做法的目的为第五段的第三句：Van Oosten calls those chemicals "sunscreens" because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. 说明了这些措施的目的，是防止这些艺术品受到更大的光破坏。因此选择D。

A、C 项的内容在定位段落中找不到根据，属于无中生有；B选项利用段落中的原词further设置干扰，语义信息在文中则没有根据。

首先，根据题干关键词preservation of plastics定位到第六段第一句话“Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get harder.”这句话为作者的观点，且是关于塑料物品保存。作者认为要保存塑料物品可能会变得越来越难（will likely get harder），因此选择D。

A、B、C 项在文中均没有根据，属于无中生有。

根据题干信息 Ferreira和preservation of plastic artifacts定位到最后一段第二句至第三句。其中题干中的plastic artifacts对应what we decide to collect；题干中的preservation对应what we decide to prserve；will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen（对于后代如何看待我们产生重要影响），能够对应这一信息的是B项，也就是具有深远的历史意义，因此选择B。

A项利用段落中出现的原词future设置干扰，但是该选项的信息在段落中没有根据，属于无中生有；C项:将有助于我们区分物品年代，但是段落中说的是确定（define），而非区分（separate），属于偷梁换柱；D项利用段落中出现的原词today设置了干扰，但是该选项的信息则在段落中找不到依据。

4、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：第1题:

第一段②句指出，作者将微笑的维多利亚人的照片发布到推特上后，它们持续引发热议。随后③④句具体阐述：人们惊讶地发现，维多利亚时代的人玩得很开心而且确实会笑；人们注意到维多利亚时代的人似乎突然变得更有人情味儿了。这都表明人们对维多利亚时代人的印象发生了改变，A正确。

根据题干关键词Victorian portraits he has collected定位至第二段①句。该句指出，我收集的“微笑的维多利亚人”只占了1840至1900年间大量的肖像照的极小一部分，故B正确。

根据题干关键词kept the Victorians from smiling和 in the 1890s定位至第四段末句。该句指出，19世纪90年代时，自然的微笑已比较容易捕捉，人们拍照时不笑另有他因。第五段继而提出一种可能解释“露齿笑显得有失尊严”并借由古箴言追溯时代背景“当时牙科学尚未诞生，人们的牙齿卫生状况极差”。可见，90年代的人拍照不笑是因为“微笑会暴露牙齿的不健康状态，有失尊严”，D正确。

题干问及作者引用马克·吐温之言的目的，应到马克·吐温的话语之外寻找作者观点，由此锁定第六段首句。该句首先指出，露齿笑有失身份，也即拍照时不应该笑，随后对比两类人（drunks，tramps，and music hall performers vs properly bred persons）指出，粗俗之人才会咧嘴大笑，而（大笑）这种举止与教养良好的人并不相称。再结合马克·吐温的例子“尽管他喜欢纵情大笑，却认为拍照时微笑是愚蠢之举”，可见“在维多利亚时代，拍照时不得微笑的观念已根深蒂固、深入人心，A正确。

本文首段介绍作者发现“不少维多利亚人面带微笑的照片”，第二段陈述事实“当时的肖像照中，面带微笑者仅占少数，多数被拍摄者姿势僵硬、表情淡漠”并提出问题“如何解释这一现象？”，第三至六段分别阐释了三个原因“早期的相机曝光时间过长，人们难以保持微笑；当时人们牙齿卫生极差，露齿笑有失尊严；社会普遍认为露齿笑有失身份、缺乏教养”。综合可知，全文旨在剖析“为何大部分维多利亚时代的人拍照不笑/表情严肃”（第二段段末问句即为文章主题），A正确。

5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：第1题:

第一段第2句指出：“比起男性，女性在压力下更容易产生抑郁和焦虑”。接着第二段第1句指出：“性激素在某种程度上会影响生物对于压力的反应，导致在承受压力的时候，雌性比相同条件下的雄性分泌更多触发性（引起抑都和焦虑的）化学物质”。综上可知，女性更容易受压力影响是其生理构造决定的，故A为正确选项。其他三个选项在文章第一、二段都无法得出，均排除。

第三段第3句指出；女性“有更多的压力要去处理”；紧接着第4句又指出：女性“要应付如此之多的事情”。综上可知，D选项说女性遭受更多的压力（more stress），符合原文，为正确选项。A选项：根据第三段第1句中的a woman's increased dose of stress chemical设置的干扰项，原文是说压力导致化学物质分泌增加，没有说这种化学物质有助于应付压力，所以A选项错误。B，C选项：都是根据第三段第4句中的Their capacity for tolerating stress设置的干扰项，原文是说女性忍受压力的能力也许比男性更强，没有提到女性忍受压力的能力有限，也没有提到女性回避压力的能力更强，故均排除。

第四段第2句指出：“我认为女性平时接触到的事情通常具有长期性、反复性的特点”。C选项中的durable，frequent分别是原文中的chronic，repeated的同义替换。而且第5句也继续强调女性面对的压力通常发生在家里，且不止一次（not to be one-shot deals），即说明这种压力是持久的（durable）和频繁的（frequent），所以C为正确答案。A选项中的temporary（临时的，暂时的）不符合文意，可排除。B选项中的irregular可以在第四段第4句Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence中找到类似表述，irregular和random是同义词，且violent与violence是同根词，但该句是陈述男性面对的压力有什么特点，与题目不符，故排除。D选项中的random一词也是用来形容男性面对的压力，故也排除。第四段主题：女性面对的压力和男性不一样，女性面对的压力往往具有长期性和反复性，破坏性更大。

根据第五段第5句，阿尔瓦雷斯既要照顾孩子，又要工作、付房租、养车、还债。所以本段主要讲述了阿尔瓦雷斯生活艰辛，生存压力大，只有B选项体现出她的不容易，其他选项不能体现这一点，所以B选项为正确答案。

综合文章各段主题可以得知这篇文章主要讲述的是：女性所面临的压力以及她们在压力下的表现。A选项缺少本文的主题词女性（women），不能概括本文。B选项有gender一词，但是本文主要强调的是女性，男性只是陪衬，起到对比参照的作用而已，故排除B选项。C选项的chemicals只是文章第二、三段提到的一个小细节，不足以概括全文，也可以排除D选项既有主题词women，也描述了不同性别对于压力的不同反应，概括了原文内容，因而是最佳选项。