考研201英语（一）模拟题及详解（二）

本文提供考研201英语（一）模拟题及详解，以下为具体内容

1、Kids are missing out on having important conversations with parents about how to love and be loved. Parents are worried for years 1 having “the talk” with their kids. That talk, of course, is about sex. But one thing that is getting very lost in those 2 is how to have a healthy romantic 3. It’s not enough to have the sex talk, we have to have the 4 talk, too. Without it, we 5 our kids being in abusive, manipulative relationships, or 6 out on a truly wonderful aspect of life.According to a report 7 today by Harvard Graduate School of Education’s Making Caring Common Project, 8 worry a great deal about the hookup culture, but ignore the fact that young people are unprepared to learn how to love and develop 9 healthy romantic relationships.“This whole area has been terribly 10” says Richard Weissbourd, a Harvard psychologist who 11 the Making Caring Common Project. Without conversations about 12 relationships, parents are also neglecting to teach their children about misogyny (厌恶女性) 13 sexual harassment. “Adults seem not to be facing it 14. It’s concerning,” Weissbourd adds.15 parents think kids don’t want to hear it from them, they should 16 : 70 percent of the 18-to 25-year-olds 17 responded to the report’s survey said they wanted more information from parents about some emotional 18 of a romantic relationship. And 65 percent said they wanted 19 about it in a sexed or health class at school. But both parents and educators seem to 20 avoidance of having sex, how not to get pregnant or how to avoid a sexually transmitted disease. In doing so, parents are missing out on having important conversations about how to love and be loved.

问题1

A、about

B、above

C、around

D、across

问题2

A、conservations

B、conversations

C、conversions

D、consumptions

问题3

A、relative

B、relation

C、relationship

D、relatedness

问题4

A、emotion

B、passion

C、mood

D、love

问题5

A、risk

B、plunge

C、threaten

D、immerse

问题6

A、losing

B、missing

C、escaping

D、evading

问题7

A、relieved

B、delivered

C、released

D、derived

问题8

A、graduates

B、teenagers

C、psychologists

D、parents

问题9

A、caring

B、careful

C、careless

D、carefree

问题10

A、negotiated

B、neglected

C、collected

D、nagged

问题11

A、comes

B、goes

C、runs

D、races

问题12

A、healthful

B、hygienic

C、wholesome

D、healthy

问题13

A、and

B、but

C、or

D、also

问题14

A、secretly

B、squarely

C、multiply

D、frankly

问题15

A、Only if

B、As if

C、If

D、If only

问题16

A、revise

B、review

C、rehearse

D、reconsider

问题17

A、what

B、which

C、whom

D、who

问题18

A、perspective

B、prospect

C、aspect

D、suspect

问题19

A、guardian

B、guidance

C、manual

D、guide

问题20

A、focus on

B、locate in

C、settle on

D、force on

2、For a century, urban commotion has been treated as a moral failing of individuals. Fixing it will require systemic changes to environmental noise.What are your ears hearing right now? Maybe the bustling sounds of a busy office, or your partner cooking dinner in the next room. Whatever the texture of the sonic landscape of your life may be, beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars.That might seem benign, or perhaps even endearing—the sound of the bustle of the big city. But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick. People forget that noise pollution is still pollution. And noise pollution is everywhere.Unlike many other injuries, hearing damage is irreparable. It also functions differently. People tend to assume that hearing loss is akin to turning down the volume in one’s head—that everything just sounds quieter. But it’s more complex than that. Sound at certain frequencies just vanishes—birdsong, intelligible human speech, the gentle rustling of leaves, the crispy highs of brushes on jazz cymbals. People can avoid using earbuds excessively or attending loud concerts. But people do not necessarily have the ability to avoid high levels of environmental noise—it’s in their neighborhoods, near their schools, at their workplaces. That makes noise pollution a matter of bodily autonomy.Solving the environmental-noise problem has been difficult, partly because for more than a century anti-noise advocates have fought for the right to silence rather than the right to hear.Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure. But environmental noise is just as unsafe. People living in cities are regularly exposed (against their will) to noise above 85 decibels from sources like traffic, subways, industrial activity, and airports. That’s enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. If you have an hour- long commute at such sound levels, your hearing has probably already been affected. Urban life also sustains average background noise levels of 60 decibels, which is loud enough to raise ones blood pressure and heart rate, and cause stress, loss of concentration, and loss of sleep. Sirens are a particularly extreme example of the kind of noise inflicted on people every day: They ring at a sound-pressure level of 120 decibels—a level that corresponds with the human pain threshold, according to the World Health Organization.But since the turn of the 20th century, protecting human hearing has taken a back seat to securing quiet for those with means, and punishing those without. Noise-abatement laws transformed an objective concern about environmental and health conditions into a subjective fight over aesthetic moralism.

1.According to the first paragraph, urban commotion is not related to____.2.The word “din” (Line 3, Paragraph 2 and Line 2, Paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to____.3.Which of the following is true of the hearing damage?4.We may infer from the sixth paragraph that____.5.What does the first sentence in the last paragraph mean?

问题1

A、personal moral breakdown

B、individual emotional state

C、city’s or town’s noise pollution

D、one’s clamorous surroundings

问题2

A、a main meal of the day served in the evening or at midday

B、a room that is comfortable and secluded

C、a very loud and unpleasant noise that lasts for some time

D、a small buoy used as a marker at sea

问题3

A、It can be repaired or made better.

B、It performs the same function.

C、It makes everything sound quieter.

D、It is caused by over-exposure to noise.

问题4

A、noise exerts its hazardous influence on people in cities and towns

B、noise above 85 decibels causes significant hearing loss over time

C、noise levels of 60 decibels raise one’s blood pressure and heart rate

D、sirens at the level of 120 decibels meet with the human pain threshold

问题5

A、Protecting human hearing used to be of priority in the past.

B、Obtaining quiet environment was once the first consideration.

C、Both safeguarding hearing and securing quiet are significant.

D、Neither protecting hearing nor acquiring quiet is of importance.

3、Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research which showed that senior women professors in the institute’s school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One study conducted in Sweden, of all places—showed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men in order to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities.Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglia’s school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this year’s meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and Technology is around f 1,500 a year.That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of men’s and women’s lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking “career breaks” to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for example, earn over £4,000 a year more than female ones.To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination.Besides pay, her study also looked at the “glass-ceiling” effect—namely that at all stages of a woman’s career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair.Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Different from the previous studies, Dr. Connolly’s compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. In other words, private enterprise delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.

1.The phrase “crop up” in the first paragraph most probably means____2.Which of the followings can be attributed to Dr. Connolly’s study?3.According to the text, the author places interpretation on____4.In contrast to Dr. Connolly’s study, the previous ones failed to____5.Which of followings could be the best title for the text?

问题1

A、thrive.

B、plant.

C、elevate.

D、happen.

问题2

A、Pay discrimination between male and female scientists.

B、Fewer research resources for women scientists.

C、The super qualities possessed by male scientists.

D、The role of analyzing the results of a survey.

问题3

A、a humor.

B、a adage.

C、a term.

D、a motto.

问题4

A、compare the pay between male and female scientists.

B、make a comparison between the experience of scientists in others kinds of laboratory and that of those in universities.

C、contrast the degree of efforts between male and female scientists in their endeavors.

D、make the supposedly egalitarian world of academia deliver more equality.

问题5

A、Avoid the discrimination.

B、Free to Flutter.

C、The Hardest Move.

D、Mind the Gap.

4、Marketers like to work on the demand side—take what s in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. It’s the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and we’ll increase demand.There’s an overlooked alternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others can’t, you win. What is both scarce and in demand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sell maybe an unpopular idea or a product that’s ahead of its time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected world is the product of difficult work.It’s no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe able to do it more cheaply than you. Commoditization doesn’t apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to do. It’s easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isn’t difficult. Neither is running a high traffic website. Amazon will do it for you for pennies on the dollar.With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work faster or do it cheaper than they did it yesterday. And there’s not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your only alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for.What’s difficult? Creating beauty is difficult, whether it’s the tangible beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel approach to a problem. Maybe it’s captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solution—a “beautiful” solution—to an organizational dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people.Leading changes is difficult. It’s difficult to find hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. It’s difficult to stick with a project that everyone seems to dislike. It’s difficult to motivate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed.People who can do difficult work will always be in demand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busywork, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. That’s true of individuals, and also true of companies. That’s because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, marginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization.No longer. The world will belong to those who can create something scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.

1.In the text, difficult things are characterized by____2.What can we infer from paragraph 3 and 4 ?3.According to the text, which of the following can be seen as difficult work?4.The underlined phrase “a team of people” in paragraph 6 refers to____5.Our inclination to do easy work goes against____

问题1

A、meeting overlooked demands.

B、requiring big investments.

C、having scarce replacements.

D、challenging public tastes.

问题2

A、The lack of difficulty increases producers’ competitive strength.

B、Commoditization reduces producers’ difficulty in management.

C、Globalization has led to the race to the bottom.

D、Consumers hardly benefit from the competition among produces.

问题3

A、Inventing iPhone.

B、Persisting with ideas out of time.

C、Hosting an auction for antiques.

D、Cutting staff to resist economic crisis.

问题4

A、leaders.

B、producers.

C、marketers.

D、consumers.

问题5

A、the race to the bottom.

B、the growth of organizations.

C、the current market demand.

D、the race to the top.

5、Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain. Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called “drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. “Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking” emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.

1.Freud believed that aggression and libido____2.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?3.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive____4.According to Mark Solms, dreaming____5.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories____

问题1

A、were the only two sources of psychic energy.

B、could sometimes surface in our conscious life.

C、affected our behaviour unconsciously.

D、could appear clearly in our dreams.

问题2

A、Emotion.

B、Lust.

C、Seeking.

D、Urge.

问题3

A、originates in the limbic system.

B、involves parts of the forebrain.

C、controls how we respond to stimulus.

D、exists in many other animals.

问题4

A、takes place during the whole sleeping period.

B、involves a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.

C、is closely related to the “seeking” emotion.

D、starts at the same time as libido appears.

问题5

A、have long been discredited.

B、provide good guide for further research.

C、are placed in the same category.

D、are concerned about human being.

1、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:D;第5题:A;第6题:B;第7题:C;第8题:D;第9题:A;第10题:B;第11题:C;第12题:D;第13题:A;第14题:B;第15题:C;第16题:D;第17题:D;第18题:C;第19题:B;第20题:A;

试题解析：

1.A
【解析】空格所在部分为Parents are worried for years having “the talk” with their kids，句子大意是，父母们多年来一直惦记和孩子们谈“这个话题”。缺失的介词要与形容词worried构成搭配，意为“为……担心（或操心）”。四个选项中，满足条件的只有A项abouto
2.B
【解析】空格所在部分为 But one thing that is getting very lost in those_。句子大意为，但是在这些_缺失了一件事。根据上下文内容，我们可以判断空格前的those应该指代上文中提到的表示复数概念的名词，而且与父母和子女之间的交流、沟通这一主题有关。结合选项和上文内容，应选B项conversations “对话，交谈”，与全文的第一句话中的conversations相呼应。
3.C
【解析】空格所在部分为how to have a healthy romantic ，句子大意为，如何拥有一种健康浪漫的_。空格缺失的名词应该表达年轻人的恋爱关系。从各选项来看，C项意为relationship “关系，联系”，侧重密切的交往，可指爱情或两性关系，符合语境要求。故C项正确。
4.D
【解析】空格所在部分为we have to have the talk, too。空格处所填名词要与上文It’s not enough to have the sex talk结合起来看。上文提到只谈性是不够的，此处说我们还要谈_。显然此处需要一个将上下文串联起来的词汇，而文章的主题是父母应该教育孩子如何建立健康的恋爱关系，四个选项中，D项love是最佳选项。
5.A
【解析】空格所在部分为 Without it, we our kids being in abusive, manipulative relationships...。其中it指代上文中的love，意思是“如果没有爱，我们就可能_我们的孩子处于虐待、操纵他人的关系中”，四个选项均有“使……进入，陷入”的意思。但是根据上下文的句式结构和内容，我们可以推断出A项risk“使……冒险；冒风险”更符合原文意思，而且risk有risk sb. doing sth.的用法。
6.B
【解析】空格所在部分为or_out on a truly wonderful aspect of life，意为“或者_生活中真正美好的一面”，与上文的being in abusive， manipulative relationships（处于虐待、操纵他人的关系中）是并列关系。因此此处应表达一种缺憾，故正确答案是B项missing，miss意为“漏掉，错过”，可以与介词out构成固定短语 miss out，其后常接on，表示“错过（机会）”，符合上下文内容。
7.C
【解析】空格所在部分为According to a report_today by Harvard Graduate School of Education’s Making Caring Common Project. 空格缺失的单词应是及物动词，并且能与by搭配，是过去分词作定语。句子的大意为，据哈佛大学教育研究生院进行的“让爱心常见”项目今天_的一份报告称……。空格处需要填一个表示“公布，发布，发表”的过去分词。四个选项中，只有C项released“发布”和by搭配符合语境。
8.D
【解析】空格所在部分为_worry a great deal about the hookup culture...。这里所填的词应该与父母对子女爱的教育这一主题有关，根据上下文内容提示，只有D项parents“父母”符合原文内容。
9.A
【解析】空格所在部分为 how to love and develop, healthy romantic rela¬tionships，大意为如何去爱和发展_、健康的恋爱关系。空格处的单词应与love，healthy为承接关系，是healthy的同义词或近义词。根据所给的四个选项的词意，我们可以推断出正确答案是A项caring，意思是“关心的；有爱心的；有同情心的”。
10.B
【解析】空格所在部分为This whole area has been terribly_，大意为整个领域都被严重_。通过下文中的also一词，我们可以推断出该句与下文中的parents are also neglecting to teach their children...是递进关系。因此空格处的单词应与 neglecting “忽视，疏忽，忽略”意思相同或相近。只有B项neglected符合原文内容，是正确答案。
11.C
【解析】空格所在部分为 a Harvard psychologist who_the Making Caring Common Project，意思是，_“让关爱常见”项目的哈佛大学心理学家。空格处需要填一个动词来作定语从句的谓语。C项runs“负责；管理；主持”，代入后符合原文内容，是正确选项。
12.D
【解析】空格所在部分为Without conversations about_relationships，大意是：如果没有关于_关系的谈话。结合上文来看，第一段指出，父母和子女的对话中缺少关于爱、关于健康的恋爱关系的对话。第二段和第三段第一句指出，年轻人没有准备好如何去爱和发展一段充满关爱的、健康的恋爱关系，父母也忽视了这一点。因此，空格所在句应是说，如果没有关于爱、关于健康的恋爱关系的谈话，父母也会忽视……，healthy一词既可以用来描述人的身体健康状况，也可以表示关系良好等抽象含义，且与第一段第四句和第二段第四行的healthy romantic relationship(s)相呼应，因此D项healthy“健康的；好的；明智的”符合语境要求，是正确答案。
13.A
【解析】空格所在部分为 parents are also neglecting to teach their children about misogyny_sexual harassment，这句话的含义是，父母也会忽视教育孩子关于贬抑女性_性骚扰问题。这里考查考生对并列连词使用的准确掌握。此处是要表达一种并列存在的现象，只有A项and符合要求，意思是“和，以及”。
14.B
【解析】空格所在部分为Adults seem not to be facing it_，缺少作状语的副词，修饰现在分词facing，表示以何种方式面对。句子大意为：成年人似乎没有_面对这件事情。从各选项来看，B项squarely “直接地，断然”符合要求，因为上文提到了忽视这个问题，下文提到了父母以为孩子们不想从他们那里听到关于如何去爱和建立健康的恋爱关系。所以，这句话的意思是，成年人似乎没有正视它（这个问题）。
15.C
【解析】空格所在部分为 parents think kids don’t want to hear it from them, they should...，大意是，_父母认为孩子们不想听他们谈论这件事，他们应该……。根据四个选项，我们可以判断此处是一个条件状语从句，主句中提到父母应该……，表明分句的内容是一种假设，因此C项if“如果，假如”符合要求。
16.D
【解析】空格所在部分为they should_，大意是他们应该_。上文提到如果父母认为孩子们不想听他们谈论这件事，根据所给四个选项的含义，此处应提到父母们应该有所反思或者重新考量此事。根据所给四个选项的含义，D项reconsider“重新考虑，再思量”是正确答案。
17.D
【解析】空格所在部分为70 percent of the 18-to 25-year-olds_responded to the report’s survey said they wanted more information...，大意为，在18-25岁的_中，有70%的人对报告所做的调查做出回应，他们表示，他们想得到更多的信息。这里考查考生对引导限定性定语从句的关系代词的掌握，根据句中提到的“18-25岁的”人，此处应该选择指代人的关系代词，而且该词在从句中作主语，因此D项who符合要求。
18.C
【解析】空格所在部分为they wanted more information from parents about some_emotional of a romantic relationship。句子大意是，他们想从父母那里得到更多关于恋爱关系中的情感的信息。显然这里考查能够与情感搭配的名词，四个选项中C项aspect“方面”符合此要求，是正确答案。
19.B
【解析】空格所在部分为 And 65 percent said they wanted_about it in a sexed or health class at school，句子的大意是，65%的人说他们想在学校的性教育或健康课上得到_。上文提到，父母忽视了对孩子关于爱的教育，没有提供足够的引导，所以，B项guidance“指导，引导”最符合语境。
20.A
【解析】空格所在部分为 But both parents and educators seem to_avoidance of having sex...，大意是，但父母和教育工作者似乎都_避免发生性关系。根据所给的四个选项的含义，我们可以判断，A项focus on“关注，集中（注意力）于”最合乎语意。

2、试题答案：第1题:B;第2题:C;第3题:D;第4题:A;第5题:A;

试题解析：

1.B
【解析】题目是关于第一段中城市喧嚣的表述。题目问根据第一段内容，城市喧嚣与_无关。原文指出：一个世纪以来，城市喧嚣一直被视为是个人道德缺失的表现。解决这个问题需要使环境噪声发生系统性的改变。由此可以判断城市喧嚣与人们的道德缺失、环境噪声等有关，这些因素都可以导致城市喧嚣。只有选项B individual emotional state“个人的情绪状态”在文中没有提到，是正确答案。
2.C
【解析】题目问第二段第三行和第三段第二行的din是什么意思。该词所在句子为beneath it all is the same omnipresent din: the sound of cars （在这一切的背后都是同样无处不在的_：汽车的声音）以及 But the din of vehicles, along with transit and industrial activity, is making people sick...noise pollution is everywhere （但是汽车的_，以及运输和工业活动，正在使人们生病……噪声污染无处不在）。我们可以推断出这个词与声音、噪声是同义词或近义词，而最接近这个意思的是选项C“一种持续一段时间的、非常响亮而令人不快的声音”。
3.D
【解析】题目问关于听力损伤哪个选项是正确的，本题涉及多处细节与原文的一致性。文章第六段第一句话提到Concerns about hearing loss largely focus on excessive noise exposure，大意是，对听力损失的关注主要集中在过度接触噪音上。选项D“它是由过度接触噪声引起的”与此信息一致，是正确选项。
4.A
【解析】题目是对第六段内容的推理判断。选项A“噪声对城镇居民的危害很大”，这一结论可以从第六段的整体内容中推断出来。原文指出，环境噪声也同样不安全。然后分别说明了不同分贝值的噪音对人的伤害。因此选项A是对原文内容的正确推断。
5.A
【解析】题目问最后一段的第一句话是什么意思。文章最后一段第一句话指出“但自二十世纪以来，保护人类听力已被置于次要地位，对那些有办法的人来说确保安静才是更重要的，而没有办法的人只能受噪音的折磨了”。只有选项A“在过去，保护人类的听力是最重要的”与原文内容相吻合，为正确选项。

3、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.D
【解析】本文第一段第二句中的“crop up”，其含义是“发生，出现”，是一个固定用法。因此可以得出本题的正确答案应该是D。此外，本题也可以从上下文中推断出正确答案，前文讲的是马萨诸塞州一个机构内部的关于男女科学家待遇不同的研究，下文讲的是瑞典的一个类似的研究，女科学家受到歧视的事情在别的地方也有发生，因此我们可以得出“crop up”应该是发生的意思。故选D。
2.A
【解析】本题是一道细节题，考查考生准确理解原文信息的能力。本题的答案信息在第一段尾句和第二段的首句。第一段尾句（即全文的中心主旨句）中的“a much larger study”所指代的就是从第二段到结尾作者所详细阐述的Sara Connolly（Dr. Connolly）的研究，其研究成果就是第一段尾句中的“discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities”。由此可以推断出正确选项是A。
3.C
【解析】本题是一道细节题，考查考生对本文作者所用的写作方式的准确识别与把握。本题的答案信息在第五段的首句，在该句中作者对“glass-ceiling”（玻璃屋顶）这一词语进行了解释说明（即横线后面的部分），因此本题的正确选项应该是C（术语）。
4.B
【解析】本题是一道细节推导题，考查考生对文章：重要细节信息的理解和推导能力。本题的答案信息在尾段的第三句，其大意是：“与以往的研究不同，Connolly博上的研究把大学里科学家的经验与其他种类实验室里的科学家进行了比较。”由此可以得出本题的正确选项是B。此外还可以通过排除法，第一段中讲述的另外两个研究已经对A、C两项的内容进行了对比，D项明显不对，因此B是正确选项。
5.D
【解析】本题是一道中心主旨题，考查考生对本文整体把握以及对中心主旨理解的能力。本题的答案信息在文章首段的尾句（即本文的中心主旨句），其大意是：“现在，一次更大规模的研究（即Sara Connolly的研究）已经发现歧视在英国大学男女科学家收入差距（pay gap）方面起着作用。”并且整篇文章都是在讲述对男女科学家收入和待遇差距方面的研究，由此可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是D。

4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:A;第4题:B;第5题:D;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】这是一道细节分析题，考查考生理解文章事实细节的能力。答案信息来源于第二段。由第二段第二句可知，高难度商品或服务是别人无法提供的。故C选项为正确选项。由第二段首句可知，被忽视的是“提供高难度事物”这一方式，而不是对此类事物的需求。因此A选项错误；虽然第二段第四句指出，高难度事物的生成在各个环节都不容易，但无法由此推出其必然需要大量投入，故B选项错误；第二段第五句中“不受欢迎（unpopular）”的主张、“超前（ahead of its time）”的产品都是高难度事物的个别例子，不能由此推出所有的高难度事物都不符合大众品味，故D选项错误。
2.B
【解析】这是一道细节分析推理题，考查考生捕捉文章细节及推理引申的能力。答案信息来源于第三段，前两句表明制造便宜的产品变得简单。第三句承上启下，指出商品化不只涉及产销成本的降低。紧接着第四句至段末通过举例说明商业运营中涉及的其他活动（如制定期权定价模型、提供审计服务、管理网站等）也因商品化而变得简单，由此可知，B选项为正确选项。第四段首句表明，难度的缺乏使得同类产品增多，加剧了竞争，从而生产者不得不降低价格、减少自身利润空间以应对这种情况，并不能得出生产者的竞争力提高，A选项不正确。C选项强加因果，第三段第二句指出全世界（across the globe）总有人可以找出更省钱的生产方式，只能说明降低成本的难度降低，并未涉及全球化与削减成本（逐底竞争的方式之一）的因果关系。D选项也不正确，虽然第四段第二句指出消费者对低价产品感到厌倦，但不可否认，竞争产生的低价多少使消费者获益。
3.A
【解析】这是一道判断推理题，考查考生的推理引申能力。答案信息来源于第五、六段，高难度工作被定义为生产出稀缺、有价值、人们愿意花钱购买的东西，并指出其内容：①创造有形的运作可靠、有效的装置或无形的卓越领导力；②找到一种解决问题的新方案；③领导人和与人沟通；④领导改变。A选项体现了①的内容，因此为正确选项。B选项试图根据第二段第四句中ahead of its time（超前）设置体现④的内容，但out of time（不合时宜）的意义与其并不一致。C选项虽体现③中与人沟通的能力，但“拍卖”过程中并没有任何新产品生成。D选项不是②中解决危机问题的新方式。
4.B
【解析】本题考查根据上下文猜测词义。答案信息来源在第六段首句，它指出领导改变很难。其余内容通过三个同样结构的句子，从生产者角度说明在改变过程中可能遇到的困难，包括：寻找合适的人才；无惧外界的眼光；激发情绪受创的团队。由此可知，“a team of people”指的生产者，他们“受骗”（have been lied to）指的是他们受到营销人员需求分析的蒙蔽，一味追求需求量的增加；他们“情绪受创”（had their spirits dashed）是说直逼底限的成本削减使他们元气大伤，所以B选项（producers）为正确选项。
5.D
【解析】这是一道细节分析题。答案信息来源在第八段，其大意是：未来的冲顶之争将在创造稀缺事物的人之间展开，即进行高难度工作将逐渐成为主流。这与我们默认从事简单工作（包括粗制滥造寻常物、压低价格，或微不足道地提高价值）的做法相违背，故D选项为正确选项。同时可知A选项与上文意思相悖。由第七段末句可知，趋于从事简单工作的做法一度是壮大组织的方式，B选项错误。C选项夸大其辞，第七段首句指出，对高难度工作人才的需求一直存在，即目前的市场也需要大量从事高难度工作的人，但无法推知当前的市场不需要做简单工作的人，故我们默认的做法与市场需求不一定相悖。

5、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:C;第3题:B;第4题:C;第5题:B;

试题解析：

1.C
【解析】根据文章开头部分，弗洛伊德认为，进攻性和性欲这两种欲望都是无意识的，它们促成我们的行为却不经过清醒的大脑的思考；它们只以伪装的形式出现在我们的梦境中。因此B和D都不对，而C是对的。原文说除了寻找食物和避免疼痛这两种基本的动物本能外，弗洛伊德还发现了两种他称之为“欲望”的精神力量的来源：进攻性和性欲。所以A也不对。
2.C
【解析】根据第一段结尾部分，弗洛伊德所称的“性欲（libido）”，现代称谓对它进行了变异，有时称为“追求（seeking）”，故C是正确选项。A是所有欲望的现代统称；B和D也都不对。
3.B
【解析】第二段第二句是本段的主题句：尽管像其他欲望一样，它也产生自大脑的边缘系统，它还涉及到更高的脑力功能部位，即前脑的某些部分。所以潘塞普用一只老鼠所做的试验就是证明这一点，故选B。
4.C
【解析】第三段结尾处：当萨姆斯对梦深入研究时，发现参与做梦的主要结构实际上是前盖区，即潘塞普认为是“追求”感情所在的部位，也就是弗洛伊德所说的“性欲”的根源部位。C符合这个意思，是正确答案。B符合文章的意思，但不是本题所问的内容；A和D与文章意思不符。
5.B
【解析】根据文章最后一段，潘塞普说：“弗洛伊德应该与生活在基因发现之前的达尔文相提并论。弗洛伊德为我们提供了一幅关于大脑器官的图像。我们需要谈论它，发展它，验证它。”这就是说，弗洛伊德的理论虽然不完善，但它为以后的研究提供了指导；而达尔文虽然生活在基因发现之前，但他的理论对于基因研究也提供了先导性的作用。所以两者在这方面是相同的，可推知B是正确答案。