英语句子的语序一般是固定的:主语在前,谓语在后,这叫陈述语序。谓语的全部或一部分(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。倒装有两种情况:语法倒装和修辞倒装。因为语法结构而必须倒装的,叫语法倒装;为达到某种修辞目的而倒装的,叫修辞倒装。我们学习倒装的主要目的是增加对英语句式多样性的认识,以便在写作和口语中使用,这也是我们学习英语语法的主要目的。
1、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句要倒装
例如:
Shall I open the door? 要我开门吗?
Are you cold? 你冷吗?
Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德语朗诵这首诗吗?
Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜欢哪张画?
How are you getting along? 你目前怎么样?
When will there be lasting peace in the world?
什么时候世界上才能有持久的和平?
2、There be 句型当中。There be 句型表达的意思是:“某处有….”。这个句型的主语在谓语动词后面,因此这是倒装语序。
例如:
There are not many people who want to read this book.
想看这本书的人不多。
There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave.
在这个洞里曾经住过一群狼。
There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate.
碰巧门口停着一辆出租车。
There is going to be a change in our arrangement.
我们的安排将有一个变化。
3、当连词as 表示“虽然、尽管”引导让步状语从句时,句子要倒装,as 相当于though,可以替换。
如:
Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.
尽管原子很小,我们可以击碎它。
Tired as/though he was, he went on working.
(=Although he was very tired, he went on working.)
虽然他很累,他还是接着工作。
Cold as/though it was, we went out. 虽然天气冷,我们还是出去了。
Child as/though she is, she knows a great deal.
她虽然是个孩子,但她懂得很多。
Teacher as he is, he knows little about teaching.
尽管他是个老师,但不懂什么教学。
Pilots as he claims he is, no one has ever seen him fly a plane.
尽管他声称是个飞行员,但谁也没见过他非飞机。
注意后四句是可数名词单数作表语并提前,习惯上不用冠词。
4、虚拟语气条件从句中的if 被省略时,要把从句中的were, had 或should 移到主语之前。(if 的省略、倒装只限于从句中有were, had 或should这三个词时。)
例如:
If I had been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.
=Had I been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.
如果我在你的位置,我不会这样早放弃。
If he were to succeed, the sun would rise from the west.
=Were he to succeed, the sun….
如果他能成功,太阳就会从西边出来。
If you should be asked about this, say that you know nothing.
=Should you be asked about this, say……
如果有人问起你这件事,你就说你什么也不知道。
Were there no air or water, there would be no life on the earth.
如果没有空气和水,地球上就不会有生命。
Had you been more careful, you might have avoided the mistake.
如果你再细心点,本来事可以避免这个错误的。
5完全倒装语序
完全倒装语序是指将整个谓语动词放在主语之前,形成倒装句。完全倒装语序的使用有以下几种情况:
①.在句首表示某种强调或重要性。
例如:
Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.(我从未见过这样美丽的日落。)
On no account should you be late for the meeting.(在任何情况下,你都不能迟到会议。)
② 当句首出现副词或短语,表示地点、时间、方式等时。
例如:
In the garden were some beautiful flowers.(花园里有一些美丽的花。)
At the top of the mountain stood a small hut.(山顶上有一个小木屋。)
③在主语为名词词组时,将名词词组放在句首,谓语动词紧跟其后。
例如:
The best way to improve your English is to practice every day.(提高英语的最好方法是每天练习。)
My favorite hobby is reading books.(我最喜欢的爱好是看书。)
6、部分倒装语序
部分倒装语序是指将助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,形成倒装句。部分倒装语序的使用有以下几种情况:
①. 当表示否定的副词或短语放在句首时,要将助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
例如:
He does not like coffee. → Not only does he not like coffee, but he also hates it.(他不喜欢咖啡。 → 他不仅不喜欢咖啡,而且还讨厌它。)
②. 当表示条件的短语放在句首时,要将助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
例如:
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. → Only if you study hard will you pass the exam.(如果你努力学习,你就会通过考试。 → 只有你努力学习,你才能通过考试。)
③. 当表示方式的副词或短语放在句首时,要将助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。
例如:
With great care did he handle the antique vase.(他非常小心地处理古董花瓶。)
In silence did they walk along the river bank.(他们默默地沿着河岸走。)
总之,掌握倒装语序的使用方法和规则可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语语法,提高英语阅读和写作能力!