全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲

为了帮助大家提高备考效率，以下分享了全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲。

一、考试目的

为了配合我国实施医学专业学位制定改革，保证医学博士生学位授予质量，特举行全国医学博士英语统一考试。考试目的在于科学、公正地测试考生掌握和运用英语的实际能力是否达到申请临床医学、口腔医学博士专业学位或攻读医学博士学位的英语水平。

二、考试设计

1、本考试主要用于医学博士研究生入学和在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平测评，其命题不以任何一种医学英语教材为依据。

2、考试内容为医学公共英语，注重突出医学英语特点。考试题材主要涉及医普、科普、人文方面的内容。

3、本考试设置听力理解、词语用法、完型填空、阅读理解和书面表达 5 种题型，全面测试考生的英语水平，并突出对考生英语应用能力的测试，以衡量其是否已达到在职申请医学博士专业学位的英语水平或是否已达到医学博士研究生入学英语水平。

三、试卷结构

试卷分为试卷一(Paper One)和试卷二(Paper Two)。试卷一包括听力(30%)、词语用法(10%)、完型填空(10%)和阅读理解(30%)，答卷时间 115 分钟；试卷二包括书面表达(20%)，答卷时间 50 分钟。

整个试卷共五大部分，总分 100 分，答卷时间共 165 分钟，加上考场指令与试卷收发时间，总共考试时间 180 分钟。

试卷一(Paper one)

Part I  听力理解(Listening Comprehension)

听力理解分两部分：Section A 和 Section B，答题时间为 30 分钟。

Section A：对话(Conversations)

本部分共 5 个对话，每个对话分别由 100 个左右的单词组成，旨在测试考生对英语对话的听力理解能力，要求考生能理解所听对话的中心思想和主要内容，并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。

题型包括大意概括题 ( Questions for the general idea )、具体细节题 ( Questions for specific details ) 和判断推理题 ( Questions for inference )。每个对话附有 3 个小题，每个小题附有 4 个选项，要求考生在听完每个对话之后，根据所听内容于 12 秒内从中选出 1 个最佳答案。对话及问题只读 1 遍。

该部分共 15 个小题，序号为 1～15。每题 1 分，共计 15 分。例：

听力录音：对话（题材：人文）

W: Can you tell me about yourself, please?

M: Sure, my name's Harry, 18 years old, currently studying biology and chemistry at school. As you are aware, I hope to pursue a career in medicine. 

W: Harry, why do you want to be a doctor?

M: Well, everyone in my family is a doctor, so I think I can follow on nicely. 

W: Apart from treating patients, what do you think being a doctor is going to require?

M: Well, you also need to be academic and have to be an excellent communicator with your team and the patients.

Question number 1: What are the two speakers talking about?

Question number 2: Why does Harry choose to be a doctor?

Question number 3: What is mentioned by Harry as one of the requirements for a doctor?

听力试题：

1. A. Switching to biology and chemistry.

B. Choosing to be a family physician.

C. Going to college.

D. Being a doctor.

答案：D

预估难度：易

考点：大意概括

2. A. Because of his family's influence.

B. Because of the fact that he's young.

C. Because of the practical skills he has.

D. Because of his love for biology and chemistry.

答案：A

预估难度：易

考点：具体细节

3. A. A strong sense of responsibility.

B. Good communicative skills.

C. Excellent health.

D. Great patience.

答案：B

预估难度：易

考点：具体细节

Section B：短文（Passages）

本部分共由 5 篇短文组成，每篇短文由 150 个左右的单词组成。旨在测试考生对英语篇章的听力理解能力。要求考生能理解所听短文的中心思想和主要内容，并能根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理、分析概括和归纳总结。

题型包括大意概括题（Questions for the general idea）、具体细节题(Questions for specific details)和判断推理题（Questions for inference）。每篇短文附有 3 个小题，每个小题附有 4 个选项，要求考生在听完每篇短文后，根据所听内容于 12 秒内从中选出 1 个最佳答案。短文及问题只读一遍。

该部分共 15 个小题，序号为 16～30。每题 1 分，共计15分。例：

听力录音：短文(题材：医普)

We commonly think that our health is affected by our age, gender, lifestyle and genetic factors that we inherit from our parents. However, these factors are only a small part of what affects our health. Other factors include our social relationships, income, education and working conditions. Let's look at stress for example. Unemployment or poor working conditions create unstable life situations and cause stress, which has negative effects on health. One major factor, education, determines income or employment. However, even if you are employed, some workplace conditions, such as lack of flexibility and control over your workday can cause stress. As you can see, many complex social processes and other factors are connected with one another to affect our health. Studying how these factors work together in large populations is a challenge for researchers and that is what we would like to look at next.

Question number 16: What is the passage mainly about?

Question number 17: What does the speaker intend to say by mentioning stress?

Question number 18: What does the speaker call for at the end of the passage?

听力试题:

16. A. The role of genetic factors.

B. The factors that affect health.

C. The impact of lifestyle on health.

D. The importance of working conditions.

答案：B

预估难度：易

考点：大意概括

17. A. People with jobs have less stress.

B. The more education, the less stress.

C. Many factors affect health via stress.

D. Stress is not related to genetic make-up.

答案：C

预估难度：中

考点：具体细节

18.  A. More challenging research on workplace stress.

B. A better understanding of stress-health relationship.

C. A better connection between medical research and practice.

D. More research on the combined effects of health-related factors.

答案：D

预估难度：难

考点：判断推理

Part II 词语用法（Vocabulary）

词语用法分 Section A 和 Section B 两部分。考试时间为 10 分钟。旨在测试考生对英语词汇和短语的理解和使用能力，重点考查名词、形容词、动词、副词和短语等的用法。

Section A：填空 ( Blank Filling )

本部分试题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中留有一处空白，题干后附 4 个选项，要求考生从中选出 1 个最佳答案，填入题干空白处使该句语法正确、意思完整、逻辑合理。

该部分共 10 小题，序号为 31~40，每题 0.5 分，共计 5 分。例：

31. I hope you will _______ your cold in a couple of days.

A. get over

B. get off

C. get away

D. get out

答案：A（从病中恢复）

预估难度：易

考点：短语动词

32. Bacteria's needs vary in the living environment, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid _______.

A. mechanism

B. miniature

C. medium

D. minimum

答案：C（介质）

预估难度：易

考点：名词

33. Postnatal care includes assessment and counseling provided to the mother after  ________ in a health facility.

A. giving birth 

B. receiving an injection

C. getting pregnant 

D. undergoing an operation

答案：A（分娩）

预估难度：中

考点：动词短语

34. Mean blood vitamin D3 increased ________ in the intervention when compared with the control group.

A. Abundantly

B. significantly

C. Radically

D. maximally

答案：B（在统计上显著地）

预估难度：中

考点：副词

35. ________ your poor record in the medical school, we think you should study harder.

A. In spite of

B. In case of

C. In charge of

D. In view of

答案：D（鉴于）

预估难度：中

考点：介词短语

36. The sufferer with hydrophobia is ________ of water.

A. curious

B. considerate

C. doubtful

D. dreadful

答案：D（惧怕......的）

预估难度：难

考点：形容词

Section B: 替换 ( Substitution )

本部分试题的题干为一个或两个句子，句中有一个单词或短语带有下划线，题干后附 4 个选项，要求考生从中选出一个和句中划线部分的意义基本相同或近似的最佳答案。

该部分共 10 小题，序号为 41~50，每题 0.5 分，共计 5 分。例：

41. Experts can even reach consensus on how the material standard of living sharply reduces the death rate.

A. Agreement

B. contention 

C. Judgment

D. resolution

答案：A（共识）

预估难度：易

考点：名词

42. Habits can be consciously strengthened, as when a patient in physical rehabilitation practices and memorizes different limb activities.

A. conveniently

B. sufficiently

C. Occasionally

D. intentionally

答案：D（有意识地）

预估难度：易

考点：副词

43. If the cells can't use sugar, the body begins to break down its own tissues for food.

A. degenerate

B. dehydrate

C. decompose

D. dispose

答案：C（分解）

预估难度：中

考点：短语动词

44. Doctors discourage massive doses of drugs for infants.

A. excessive

B. repetitive

C. progressive

D. indicative

答案：A（过多的）

预估难度：难

考点：形容词

45. Biologically speaking, she doesn't resemble either of her parents.

A. take over

B. take after

C. take on

D. take up

答案：B（与......相似）

预估难度：难

考点：动词

Part III 完型填空（Cloze）

本部分为 1 篇短文。旨在测试考生在篇章水平上理解和运用语言的综合能力。实意词与功能词基本上各占 50%。实意词主要是指具有语义内容，在特定句子中具有独立内涵的词，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。功能词主要是指具有语法结构、句法功能的词或词组，包括从属连词、关系代词、冠词、介词及表明时态和语态的功能词。要求考生阅读一篇约 200 个单词的英语短文，其中留有 10 处空白，每一处空白对应 4 个选项。考生在理解全文大意和上下文意思的基础上，从 4 个选项中选出一个最佳答案。使短文在语法、用词、句型结构和上下文逻辑关系等方面都能完善。

该部分共 10 小题，每题 1 分，共计 10 分。序号为 51～60，考试时间 10 分钟。例：

Despite growing numbers of joggers, Canada Fitness Surveys demonstrate that Canadians are less physically fit than their U.S. or Swedish counterparts. Many people are convinced that they do not exercise often or vigorously51for optimal benefits. Only about 25 per cent of Canadian adults paddle at the  52level that increases the heart beat to a(n)  53  level and keeps it there for at least 15 minutes thrice weekly. Men are more likely to be either “sedentary” or “very active”,54women are more likely to be “moderately active”.

Common reasons for  55  are no willpower, poor facilities, boredom, fatigue, sheer laziness or lack of time. Experts suggest that incentives and rewards be used to help sustain the exercise habit until the  56  become so self-evident that activity is automatically scheduled into daily routines.

A modest increase in daily activity57the sedentary could improve the overall health of our population more than increased activity in those already58exercise. Activities in older people help them stay agile, and feel better.

Even a small gain in fitness among the elderly may permit them to replace a restricted lifestyle with an enriched one59they can play golf, dance, cycle and garden. The60message is clear: Physical activity benefits body and mind, especially for the least active ones.

51. A. plenty

B. enough

C. sufficient

D. adequate

52. A. recommending

B. recommended

C. recommends

D. recommend

53. A. record 

B. exercise

C. target 

D. time

54. A. though

B. while 

C. since

D. for

55. A. not exercising  

B. not to exercise  

C. being exercised

D. being exercising

56. A. reasons

B. benefits

C. demands

D. repetitions 

57. A. byB. atC.toD. on

58. A. excluded from

B. launched into

C. dedicated to

D. done with

59. A. in which

B. for whom

C. therefore

D. because

60. A. crystal

B. overall

C. Definite

D. complete

Part IV  阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）

本部分由 6 篇阅读短文组成，每篇短文有 350 个单词左右。旨在测试考生通过阅读获取信息的能力，包括阅读速度和理解程度。要求考生在读完一篇短文后，能理解其主题思想、主要内容和相关细节；能根据所读短文的内容进行推理判断，理解某些词和短语在具体语境中的意义，理解句与句之间的内在篇章逻辑关系，能领会作者的观点和思想情感，判断其对事物的态度。

测试材料主要涉及医普、科普和人文等各种题材和体裁的文章。每篇短文通常包括 3 种题型：大意概括题（Questions for general idea）具体细节题（Questions for specific details）和判断推理题（Questions for inference）。大意概括题主要考查考生对文章主题思想的概括和归纳能力；具体细节题主要考查考生对短文中存在的相关事实或现象的辨认能力；判断推理题主要考查考生对文字背后和字里行间的含义进行正确判断或推理的能力。

每篇短文后附有 5 个问题，每个问题后均有 4 个选项，要求考生根据所读短文的内容从每个题的 4 个选项中选出 1 个最佳答案。

该部分共 30 个小题，序号为 61~90，每题 1 分，共计 30 分。考试时间 60 分钟。例:

Passage One（题材：人文）

New Orleans, with too many private hospitals competing desperately for paying patients, has become notorious for dumping patients. A typical “dump” was described by a director of emergency medical care at Charity Hospital. Early in November his department received a call from a private hospital seeking to transfer a patient. They told us he had slight facial lacerations, the director said. “It sounded ordinary enough. But what the emergency room doctors found when the man arrived was something else. His face was torn to bits. We found teeth in the man's throat. I could take my fingers and move his jaws back and forth like a flag in a high wind. The bottom part of the man’s face was crushed. We had to give him six pints of blood. He wasn't getting enough oxygen because of the blood in his throat.” Doctors at the first hospital had done nothing for the man other than transfer him.

Dumping has become so routine in New Orleans that, even though anyone needing emergency treatment is supposed to be taken to the nearest hospital, ambulance crews routinely ask accident victims or members of the families if they have insurance. If the answer is no, the ambulance crew quietly transfers patients to Charity Hospital. 

Frequently, the transferees weren't told the reason for the transfer. A quarter of all those transferred were physically unstable—they suffered from bleeding, shock, severe burns, etc.—and shouldn't have been transferred.

Patients who get dumped aren’t the only ones hurt. At a hospital such as Cook County, in Los Angeles, which treats nearly a thousand patients a day in its emergency room, extra cases create real hardship. “These patients go through incredible ordeals. Some of them don’t get seen the day they come and have to come back and line up again”,said hospital personnel.

Despite the horrors revealed by studies of dumping, not many cases have resulted in lawsuits. This isn’t surprising, for people who get dumped often don’t have the resources to fight legal battles, and in many states there are no laws protecting against dumping. On the national level, legislation is pending to protect patients by mandating that patients be stabilized before they are transferred.

61. In a typical case of dumping patients, the private hospital would ______.

A. deliberately get rid of patients with no means to pay

B. refer a difficult case to a better-equipped hospital

C. deal quickly with the patient before transferring

D. only give primary treatment to paying patients

答案：A

预估难度：中

考点：具体细节

62. As required in New Orleans, ________.

A. the medical insurance does not cover the ambulance

B. the patient can’t be transferred against his or her will

C. the ambulance crews should include experienced doctors

D. the patient in emergency should be sent to a nearby hospital

答案：D

预估难度：易

考点：判断推理

63. As implied in the 4th  paragraph, patients who get dumped ________.

A. are accepted normally and treated quickly

B. often need to wait for their turns just like others

C. may disrupt the routine treatment of other patients

D. are usually taken back to the hospital where they belong

答案：C

预估难度：中

考点：判断推理

64. What, according to the passage, is the legal problem about dumping?

A. The transferees can hardly make out a good case.

B.The transferees are not rich enough to hire lawyers.

C. The transferees often have difficulty fighting legal battles.

D. The transferees are often not surprised by the horrors due to dumping.

答案：C

预估难度：易

考点：具体细节

65. We can infer from the last paragraph that in the US ________.

A. not many lawsuits can result in compensation

B.the phenomenon of dumping is going to be against the law

C. dumping patients is becoming an important area for legal battles

D. some states will pioneer in passing the law protecting against dumping

答案：B

预估难度：难

考点：判断推理

Passage Two（题材：科普)

Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknown to Brittany's mother, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X—a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development.

Last week, Brittany was given the green light to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.

Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor's history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their diabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder.

So will Donovan vs Idant Laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way.

Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is a growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out—and there is a test that can do so—but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to early Alzheimer's?

66. Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ________.

A. selling donor sperm as a product

B. supplying problematic donor sperm

C. boasting defective biological products

D. failing to protect the client's confidentiality 

答案：B

预估难度：易

考点：具体细节

67. Under the state's product liability laws, the controversial question of the case was whether ________.

A. donated sperm could be considered just a product

B. Donovan could be allowed to sue the sperm bank.

C. Donovan's genetic defect could be confirmed

D. the company could afford the compensation

答案：A

预估难度：中

 考点：判断推理

68. It can be inferred from the passage that actually thousands of people in the US purchase sperm _______.

A. out of their desperate needs

B. regardless of repeated warnings

C. with a series of privacy violations

D. without knowing its potential dangers

答案：D

预估难度：中

考点：判断推理 

69. The reason why the case is unlikely to open the floodgates is that the NY-based laws _______.

A. guarantee the safety of donor sperm

B. give special status to the issue of sperm

C. treat donor sperm as a product by all means

D. are specially designed for body parts, including sperm

答案：C

预估难度：易

考点：具体细节

70. Which of the following can most probably serve as the general idea of the passage?

A. A chance in a million.

B. Science behind the law.

C. A product hard to guarantee.

D. No such a thing as donor sperm.

答案：C

预估难度：难

考点：大意概括

Passage Three（题材：医普）

After 25 years of battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.

Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect using gene therapy. If it works, and that is still a big if, it would open up the possibility of patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.

Funding such a long-term program would cost serious money—initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war. It also looks small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.

The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for a lower price than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, and, hopefully, other companies may follow their lead.

No one doubts the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon—and they won't turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start ridding the world of this most fearsome of viruses.

71. Which of the following can be most probably used to describe the key message conveyed in the passage?

A. Optimism should never be lost, whatever happens.

B. We can see some light at the end of the tunnel.

C. A quick fix is no longer a dream.

D. Disasters can still hit endlessly.

答案：B

预估难度：中

考点：大意概括

72. According to the passage, the case of the apparent “cure” could ______.

A. promise a new discipline of gene therapy in medicine

B. facilitate the development of an effective vaccine for HIV

C. help people draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemia

D. change the way we seek a possible cure for those with AIDS

答案：D

预估难度：中

考点：判断推理

73. Which of the following is referred to as another bit of optimism?

A. The development of ART has a time table.

B. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in Africa.

C. The cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART.

D. The existing HIV drugs are being ungraded to become more effective.

答案：C

预估难度：易

考点：具体细节

74. It can be safely inferred from the passage that in the foreseeable future ________.

A. even advanced AIDS patients can be treated free in the poorest countries

B. GSK will have no financial problem developing ART in the world

C. AIDS patients in poverty can hopefully have easy access to ART

D. governments will invest more in improving ART globally

答案：C

预估难度：中

考点：判断推理

75. The last paragraph carries a tone of _______.

A. unreserved enthusiasm

B. cautious optimism

C. fearsome activism

D. hopeless idealism

答案：B

预估难度：易

考点：判断推理

试卷二（Paper Two）

Part V 书面表达（Writing）

本部分为书面表达，旨在测试考生使用英语书面表达自己思想的能力。测试分为摘要写作翻译（汉译英）和命题作文 3 种形式，每年任选其中一种。题材内容主要为与医学相关的社会议论话题或科普内容。

该部分共计 20 分。考试时间 50 分钟。

1. 摘要写作（Summary Writing）

要求考生阅读一篇汉语短文并为其撰写英文摘要。摘要具有一定的体例规范要求，而不是简单的选择性汉译英。考生在阅读一篇字数为 600~800 之间的汉语短文后，用英语写出一篇约 200 个单词的摘要。该题型重点考查考生的分析归纳和书面表达能力，在分析归纳方面，要求考生撰写的摘要必须覆盖所规定的所有要点或重点，偏离主题或漏写要点会影响得分。在英语书面表达能力方面，要求所写摘要用词恰当、语法正确、篇章结构合理，文字通顺，符合英语表达习惯。

答题要求:

(1) 紧扣主题，归纳总结。

(2) 需涵盖所有重点内容。

(3) 避免选择原句进行简单翻译。

(4) 无须推演或推论。

例:

薪酬收入与付出极不平衡是全科医生（general practitioner, GP）目前最为突出的问题。全科医生肩负基本医疗和公共卫生两项任务。这意味着除了医疗本职工作之外，还需要承担预防保健、病人康复和慢性病管理、健康管理等任务。胜任这些任务就需要更高的综合素质。

据上海长宁区某社区医院医生透露，上级要求社区医生学习中医、心理咨询、健康管理、营养等，并且还要求到达中级证书水平。学了这么多证书出来，每天上班既要从事医疗工作，又要做公卫工作，一个人要签约近 3000 名居民，收入却依然是四五千。增加了这么多技能，提供了这么多服务，工资却没有变化，全科医师心理的天平自然会不平衡。

据央视报道，上海潍坊社区的医生李亚玲一年收入是 7 万元，而与她同期毕业在某三甲医院工作的同学收入比她高 1 倍。面对这样的现实，如果有机会找到收入更高的工作，她没理由不改行。有数据显示，2007 年至 2009 年，北京市社区卫生服务机构共引进 2000 人，但 3 年里流失率非常高，而社区医生流失原因中 67% 是因为薪酬低。

据了解，国外全科医生的收入是社会平均工资的 3~4 倍，这与当下我国社会全科医生的薪酬形成鲜明对比。国外全科医生的待遇普遍较高，英国、德国等发达国家全科医生待遇约是社会平均收人的 3~4 倍，与此相对，我国全科医生收入与社会平均收入水平基本持平，仅有 4% 左右的医生年收入超过 10 万元，相较于发达国家 3~4 倍于社会平均收人水平的全科医生收人，我国全科医生的待遇较低，薪酬回报不具有吸引力，这也是我国全科医生行业人才匮乏、素质整体较低的重要原因。

参考答案( 19~20 分 )

用中文概括三个重要方面:

(1) 问题的存在/性质。

(2) 全科医生需严格的资质要求。

(3) 全科医生收入偏低，以及其因果关系。

Currently, the problem is that general practitioners(GP) are short-paid. Their income does not match with their hard job. They have a wide range of duties such as clinical practice, preventive healthcare, patient's rehabilitation, chronic disease management, and health management. Such duties are quite demanding on the GP. However, the efforts they have made are not paid for enough. On the one hand, GPs are required to receive continuing medical education for certificates and qualifications. Once a GP is qualified, he/she has to be engaged in both medical practice and public health for 3 000 local residents who have signed a contract with their GP. On the other hand, GPs are quite short-paid for their hard efforts. As a case in point, Dr. Li Yaling, a GP for a local community, earns her annual income of RMB70,000.00, much lower than that made by her counterpart who works in a tertiary hospital. GPs in Britain, Germany and other developed countries earn their annual income 3~4 times higher than the national average income, while Chinese GPs make approximately the national average. As a result, they tend to leave their jobs for higher-paid positions. The insufficient workforce can lead to lowered quality of medical service in general.

2. 翻译（Translation；汉译英）

将一篇 300 个字左右的汉语短文翻译为英语，短文可以是一段，也可以是数段，共计 20 分。考试时间 50 分钟，该题型旨在测试考生汉译英的能力，重点考查考生用英语准确再现汉语原文思想和内容的能力。

答题要求:

(1) 译文必须忠实于原文，不能随意发挥。

(2) 用词恰当，注意词性的必要转换。

(3) 注意使用正确的英语语法。

(4) 文字通顺，符合英语表达习惯。

例:

随着生产社会化和科技现代化，越来越多的医学科学技术成就已经证实，社会因素对健康与疾病有着不可忽视的作用。因此，社会医学的兴起，是医学现代化进程的一个标志，是科学技术进步的必然结果。

由于人口老龄化进程加速和疾病谱（disease spectrum）从传染病为主向以慢性非传染性疾病为主的转变，医学模式已从传统的生物医学模式转变为生物—心理—社会医学模式。与此相应，医疗卫生服务已向四个方面扩展，即从单纯治疗扩展到预防保健，从生理扩展到心理，从医院服务扩展到家庭和社区，从单纯的医疗技术措施扩展到综合的社会服务。

为适应医学模式转变而发生的上述四个变化，是医学社会化的必然趋势，也是产生社会医学的客观依据。

参考答案（19~20 分）

With the socialization of production and modernization of science and technology, a growing number of achievements and accomplishments in medical technology have proved that social factors can have a negative effect on health, causing medical problems. As a milestone in the medical modernization,the established discipline of social medicine is an inevitable result of the development of science and technology.

The medical model has changed from the biomedical one to the biology-psychology-society one simply because of the increasing speed of aging populations and the shift of disease spectrum from infectious disease to chronic and non-infectious ones. Correspondingly, the healthcare services are managed in four directions: from the single medical treatment to preventive healthcare, from physiology to psychology, from the hospital service to community services and homecare, and from the single therapies of medical technology to the comprehensive social work. 

In response to these four transfers caused by the shift of the medical model, inevitably, the medical socialization comes into being. The inevitable trend produces objective evidence for the development of social medicine.

3. 命题作文（Essay Writing）

根据题目要求，写一篇 250 个单词左右的文章。共计 20 分，考试时间 50 分钟。该题型旨在测试考生英语议论文的写作能力，重点考查考生在写作中的思想性、逻辑性以及语言应用能力。

答题要求：

(1) 紧扣题目，每段只聚焦一个主题思想。

(2) 用词恰当、语法正确。

(3) 注意句子之间的逻辑关系。

(4) 文字通顺，注重篇章的连贯性和一致性。

例:

Title: Your Health Is in Your Own Hands

Three topic ideas:

(1) 健康和影响因素；

(2) 主要影响因素：生活习惯；

(3) 自己的健康自己负责。

参考答案（19-20 分）

Everyone hopes to be healthy—to feel fit and strong and happy. This gives rise to the rapid growth of health industry worldwide, which provides health products and services for people in pursuit of health. Unfortunately, our health is constantly put at risk. Climate change, environmental toxins, stress at work, junk food and many other risk factors all have serious consequences for our health.

One of the major health threats is largely related to our lifestyle, Cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, overeating, sitting up late and excessive use of digital devices are health-damaging behaviors of many individuals. Abundant evidence shows that these unhealthy ways of living have become leading causes of many illnesses and diseases and even death. What's worse, even if one is informed of the negative impacts of these habits, he, or she may do nothing to quit them before their heart, spine or blood vessels are severely damaged or stop functioning. 

How many of you are aware that, to a great extent, your health is in your own hands? Thanks to present-day information resources, you now have easier access to knowledge of health and professional consultation. Thus you are able to make lifestyle changes using scientifically-proven methods. Admittedly, you may find it uncomfortable or even maddening when you stop smoking or spend less time on your phone. You may start by taking some minor actions. Small changes will make big differences. Eat a balanced diet, sit less and move more, and rest well. The benefits are profound. You are your own health defender and life saver!