2016年中国地质大学(北京)考博英语真题(回忆版)

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1、With traffic constantly on the increase in the streets of Beijing, the metro is the best way to get around the city during rush hours，however the crowds in the metro trains are now also a problem.

A、get around the city

B、constantly on the increase

C、get around the city

D、hours，however

E、没有错误

2、Three days ago I received an e-mail from the conference organizers apologizing the last-minute changes in the schedule; they sounded genuinely embarrassed at the disorder in their planning.

A、 apologizing the

B、last-minute

C、changes in

D、 sounded

E、没有错误

3、Don’t get the idea that I’ve bought a new car. Since the motor of my old Volkswagen started to make an odd noise last week, I’m having it repaired. I drive this substitute for a few days.

A、get the idea that

B、I’m having it repaired

C、drive

D、 for a few days

E、没有错误

4、I hope that we can agree to take an unified approach to dealing with the opposition to our project proposal. We need to coordinate our efforts.

A、hope that we can agree

B、 take an unified

C、to dealing

D、efforts

E、没有错误

5、In his lecture, Prof Mendez reviewed the evidences for the altered view of the plate boundary between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau that is now gaining ground among European geologist

A、 reviewed the

B、evidences for the altered view

C、that is now

D、gaining ground

E、没有错误

Is evolution predictable, or was it heavily shaped by random events? Biologists have argued over this question for decades. Some suggest that if we replayed the history of life on our planet, the resulting species would be different. Opponents counter that life is largely deterministic.

Recently, researchers have begun to ask the same questions about rocks. Some 5, 000 minerals have been found on Earth. But minerals didn’t simply appear all at once when the Earth formed. They materialized over time, each crystal arising in response to the conditions of the particular epoch in which it formed. Minerals evolved — in some cases, in response to life. So are today’s minerals a predictable consequence of the planet’s chemical makeup, or the result of chance events? What if we were to spot another earth-like planet in the cosmos -- would we expect its gemstones to match ours, or would they shine in ways never seen before?

Robert Hazen, a mineral physicist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and his colleagues are publishing a series of papers this year that reveal broad insights into whether geology is a matter of fate. Minerals on Earth may indeed have been guided by deterministic rules that could apply to other worlds as well, they found. But our planet is rife with extremely rare minerals, which suggests that chance occurrences also play a significant part. In addition, if we found an earth-like twin elsewhere in the universe, many common minerals would likely be the same ~ but that planet would probably also hold many minerals unlike any existing here.

The findings aren’t just a matter of curiosity. Some minerals may have helped early organisms emerge. And understanding which minerals could have formed on earth-like planets may help scientists better predict which worlds are likeliest to harbor life. Conversely, some minerals arise only in the presence of organisms. So finding patterns in Earth’s mineral distribution could help scientists identify a mineralogical signature for life, and then search for it on other planets

Traditionally, mineralogy has been dominated by analysis of the structures and formation of individual minerals. But in a 2008 study Hazen and his colleagues took a more historical view. The researchers assessed earth’s known minerals and tried to establish when the conditions were right for their formation. The team concluded that about two-thirds of earth’s minerals would not have emerged until life was present. For example, early microorganisms seeded the atmosphere with oxygen, which interacted with existing minerals to yield new ones. Hazen points out that this so-called Great Oxygenation Event had a revolutionary impact, opening the door to thousands of new minerals.

Hazen and collaborators then set out to investigate the role that chance played in mineral formation. First, they studied the relation between mineral diversity and the abundance of individual elements in earth’s crust. They found that the more abundant the element, the more minerals it formed. They then performed the same exercise with minerals from the moon. A similar relationship held, even though the number of known minerals there is much smaller. This common trend suggested an element of determinism: Given starting chemical conditions, one could predict, to a certain extent, which minerals would form.

The team did find outliers, however, Hazen’s team believes there are chemical reasons for the discrepancies. Their results still support the idea of determinism, said co-author Edward Grew, a petrologist at the University of Maine, because “we can explain why they’re not obeying the rules.” Peter Heaney, a mineralogist at Pennsylvania State University, said that the reasons given for the outliers make sense. “What is important is that Hazen is making us think about mineral diversification in a new way,” said Heaney, who was not involved in the study.

Haran’s team also found evidence for the role of chance. The researchers used a crowd-sourced database to retrieve more than 650,000 mineral ostentations at specific locations around the world: 22% of all minerals were reported in only one place, 12% in only two places. The presence of so many extreme rarities suggests that randomness does play a role, said NASA astrobiologist Chris McKay, who was not involved in the study. “That’s the hallmark of chance events.” These rare minerals might appear only under fortuitous circumstances, e.g. an unusual assembly of rocks that concentrates elements together.

What would happen if earth’s history were replayed? There are about 15,300 plausible ways to combine naturally occurring element into unique minerals, the researchers estimate. In a rerun of earth, they say, at least one-quarter of the planet’s roughly 5,000 minerals would come out differently. In addition, the likelihood that another planet has exactly the same set of minerals as Earth is less than 1 in 10. In other words, our planet’s precise mineral composition is unlikely to be found anywhere else in the universe.

1.Scientists use the philosophical term “deterministic” .( )

A、because they commonly believe in a fate or destiny that defines all outcomes.

B、when something can be determined or established, and therefore known with clarity.

C、to refer to the small number of things in nature that are not the result of pure chance.

D、to refer to outcomes resulting from hard rules or laws acting in natural systems.

2.According to Chris McKay, if something only occurs once or twice in a large and complex natural system .( )

A、there is a slight possibility that it is the product of chance.

B、there is virtually no possibility that its existence is random

C、there is a considerable likelihood that it came about randomly.

D、it can only be the product of pure necessity operating in that system

3.Based on this article, we may conclude that minerals .( )

A、predate life and exist wholly independently of it.

B、are dependent on life for most of their present variety on Earth.

C、cannot yet be historically correlated with the evolution of life, at least on Earth

D、will display variety as great as what we see on Earth on planets everywhere

4.The opinion of Peter Heaney is cited in this article .( )

A、because he has no apparent reason other than the persuasiveness of the scientific evidence itself to support Hazen’s views.

B、because he is an expert on minerals, and thus more qualified than other scientists cited in the article to evaluate Hazen’s conclusions.

C、because he is a professor at a university well known for the high quality of its research staff in the earth sciences.

D、because he is an authority on statistical outliers in geological field data.

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