2007年南京艺术学院考博英语真题

1、Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They good-natured, co-operative creatures and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr.de waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.

In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumber).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to cat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female Capuchin.

The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, arc guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a cooperative, group living specie. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by（  ）.

The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph 1) implies that （  ）.

Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they （  ）.

Dr. Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys （  ）.

What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A、posing a contrast

B、justifying an assumption

C、making a comparison

D、explaining a phenomenon

A、monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals

B、resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature

C、monkeys, like humans , tend to be jealous of each other

D、no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions

A、more inclined to weigh what they get

B、attentive to researcher’ instructions

C、nice in both appearance and temperament

D、more generous than their male companions

A、prefer grapes to cucumbers

B、can be taught to exchange things

C、will not be co-operative if feeling cheated

D、are unhappy when separated from others

A、Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

B、Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

C、Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

D、Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

2、Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.

There are upsetting parallels today as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White Mouse, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report “Science never have all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure, this is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing: a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.

Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.

To serve as responsible stewards of the plant, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

An argument made by supporters of smoking was that .

According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as（  ）.

What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)  （  ）.

According to the author, what should the Administration do about global wanning（  ）.

The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because（  ）.

A、there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death

B、the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant

C、people had the freedom to choose their own way of life

D、antismoking people were usually talking nonsense

A、a protector

B、a judge

C、a critic

D、a guide

A、Endless studies kill action

B、Careful investigation reveals truth

C、Prudent planning hinder

D、Extensive research helps decision-making

A、Offer aid to build cleaner power plants

B、Raise public awareness of conservation

C、Press for further scientific research

D、Take some legislative measures

A、they suffered from the government’s negligence

B、a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former

C、the outcome of the latter aggravates the former

D、both of them have turned from bad to wors

3、Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awaking, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events-until it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead, the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feeling of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.

Researchers have come to believe that dreams（  ）.

By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show （  ）.

The negative feelings generated during the day tend to （  ）.

Cartwright seems to suggest that （  ）.

What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?

A、can be modified in their courses

B、are susceptible to emotional changes

C、reflect our innermost desires and fears

D、are a random outcome of neural repairs

A、its function in our dreams

B、the mechanism of REM sleep

C、the relation of dreams to emotions

D、its diffidence from the prefrontal cortex

A、aggravate in our unconscious mind

B、develop into happy dreams

C、persist till the time we fall asleep

D、show up in dreams early at night

A、waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams

B、visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

C、dreams should be left to their natural progress

D、dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious

A、Lead your life as usual.

B、Seek professional help.

C、Exercise conscious control.

D、Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

4、It was the worst tragedy in maritime history, six times more deadly than the Titanic. When the German cruise ship Wilhelm Gustloff was hit by torpedoes fired to from a Russian submarine in the final winter of World War II，more than 10,000 people-mostly women, children and old people fleeing the final Red Army push into Nazi Germany-were packed aboard. An ice storm had turned the decks into frozen sheets that seat hundreds of families sliding into the sea as the ship tilted and began to go clown. Others desperately tried to put lifeboats down. Some who succeeded fought off those in water who had the strength to try to claw way aboard. Most people froze immediately. “I’ll never forget the screams.” says Christa Ntilzinann, 87, one of the 1,200 survivors. She recalls watching the ship, brightly lit, slipping into its dark grave-and into seeming nothingness, rarely mentioned for more than half a century.

Now Germany’s Nobel Prize-winning author Gtinter Grass has revived the memory of the 9,000 dead, including more than 4,000 children-with his latest novel Crab Walk, published last month. The book, which will be out in English next year; doesn’t dwell on the sinking; its heroine is a pregnant young woman who survives the catastrophe only to say later. “Nobody wanted to hear about it, not here in the West (of Germany) and not at all in the East.” The reason was obvious. As Grass put it in a recent interview with the weekly the Woche:“Because the crimes we Germans are responsible for were and are so dominant, we didn’t have the energy left lo tell of our own sufferings.’’

The long silence the sinking of the Wilhelm Guslloff was probably unavoidable-and necessary. By unreservedly owning up to their country’s monstrous crimes in the Second World War, Germans have managed to win acceptance abroad, marginalize the neo-Nazis at home and make peace with their neighbors. Today’s unified Germany is more prosperous and stable than at any time in its long troubled history, for that, a half century of willful forgetting about painful memories like the German Titanic was perhaps a reasonable price to pay. But even the most politically correct Germans believe that they’ve now earned the right to discuss the full historical record. Not to equate German suffering with that of its victims, but simply to acknowledge a terrible tragedy.

Why does the author say the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff was the worst tragedy in maritime history?

Hundreds of families dropped into the sea when（  ）.

The Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy was little talked about far more than half a century because Germans （  ）.

How does Gunter Grass revive the memory of the Wilhelm Gustloff tragedy?

It can be learned from the passage that Germans no longer think that（  ）.

A、It was attacked by Russian torpedoes.

B、Most of its passengers were frozen to death.

C、Its victims were mostly women and children.

D、It caused the largest number of casualties.

A、a strong ice storm tilted ship

B、the cruise ship sank all of a sudden

C、the badly damaged ship leaned toward one side

D、the frightened passengers fought desperately for lifeboats 

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