Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents friends--their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.
In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable-- it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary -- feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
quilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , a psychology professor at the University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti others have shown that guilt sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones share more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.
“That’s good news,” Malti says, “We can be prosocial because we caused harm we feel regret.”
1.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.
A. regulate a child’s basic emotions
B. improve a child’s intellectual ability
C. foster a child’s moral development
D. intensify a child’s positive feelings
2. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.
A. deceptive
B. burdensome
C. addictive
D. Inexcusable
3.Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that ______.
A. emotions are context-independent
B. emotions are socially constructive
C. emotional stability can benefit health
D. an emotion can play opposing roles
4.Malti others have shown that cooperation sharing _______.
A. may help correct emotional deficiencies
B. can result from either sympathy or guilt
C. can bring about emotional satisfaction
D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts
5.The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______.
A. teachings
B. discussions
C. restrictions
D. wrongdoings
答案及解析：
1. 答案：C
细节题。定位至第一段，由 “Children aren’t born ......their own conscience” ，其中的 “such statements ......their own conscience”“该品质能够使父母/朋友和孩子自己都感觉更舒适”，such statements 指代的即为“say sorry”或文章主题词 guilt, 因此只有 C 选项 foster a child’s moral development“促进孩子的道德发展”符合题意，其余三项均未提及，故选 C。
2. 答案：B
细节题。定位到第二段，“it is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. ” “这种感觉非常不舒服，就像穿着一件石头做的夹克一样” ,所以burdensome“负担沉重的；繁重的”符合题意。 deceptive“欺骗的”，addictive“上瘾的”，inexcusable“不可原谅的”均不符合题意，故选 B。
3. 答案：D
细节题。定位至本文的第二段 “adding that this revival is a psychology researcher…..in another ”“这种复兴是更大的认识的一部分，即情绪不是二元情感，在一个情境中有利的情绪在另一个情境中可能是有害的”所以，只有 an emotion can play opposing roles“情绪可以起到相反的作用符合题意，故选 D。
4. 答案：B
定位到第四段第三句： “Malti others have shown that guilt sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation sharing.” Malti 和其他人已经表明，内疚和同情可能代表了合作和分享的不同途径。”,只有 B 项 can result from either sympathy or guilt“要么归因于同情，要么归因于内疚”符合题意，故选 B。
5. 答案：D
定位到第五段第二句话“Using caregiver assessments ......moral transgressions.” 且位于主句的“transgressions”的前面出现 to feel negative emotions，情感属于消极贬义。wrongdoings“坏事，不道德的行为”，属于贬义词，符合题意。teachings “教导”，属于褒义词，discussions “讨论”，属于中性词 ，restrictions “限制;约束”均不符合题意，故选 D。
