2014年全国医学考博英语统一考试真题08

希赛网英语频道为大家整理2014年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题。

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Five

Humanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities, by 2050, 70% are projected to do so—most of them in poorer countries. Among many other issues, this rapid concentration makes cities a front line in the battles against climate change and pollution. Confronting the challenges of rampant urbanization demands integration multidisciplinary approaches, and new thinking. Take the building boom associated with the increased wealth of urban areas, and its impact on greenhouse-gas emissions as an example. In China alone, the United Nations Environmental Program estimates the energy demand for heating homes build over the next decade could increase by some 430 terawatthours, or 4% of China5 s total energy use in 2003. Worldwide, the energy consumed by buildings already accounts for around 45% of greenhouse-gas emissions.

Fortunately, researchers in Germany and elsewhere have already shown that they can reduce that energy consumption by 80% -90% , just by overhauling obsolete building designs and using existing technologies. These ultra-efficient buildings demand that planners, architects, engineers and building scientists work together from the outset, and require higher levels of expertise the conventional buildings. But such buildings are often cheaper than those built using conventions methods. Research is also needed to develop technologies, materials and energy concepts； the green building research today is fragmented and

poorly funded.Expanding cities must embrace such technologies and strategies—and not just in the developed nations. Many poorer countries have a rich tradition of adapting buildings to look at practices, environments and climates—a home-grown approach to integrated design that has been all but been lost in the West.They now have an opportunity to combine these traditional approaches with modern technologies. Integrated thinking is also needed to mitigate urban air pollution, which is becoming serious health and environmental risk in many regions一as shown by China’s struggle to clean up Beijing ’ s air for the Olympics. Understanding air pollution will require researchers from multiple disciplines, from atmospheric chemistry to meteorology, working over scales from street level to global. And reducing it will require integrated policies for urban planning, transport and housing—not least to reduce the use of cars.

81. The passage begins with .

A. the globalization of poverty B. a new challenge to mankind

C. a new disease of civilization D. the global phenomenon of weather change

82. From the illustration of China, the author is trying to tell us that .

A. Chinese citizens neglect their impact on greenhouse-gas emission

B.the pace of urbanization is being accelerated at an alarming rate

C. rapid urbanization will increase greenhouse-gas emissions

D. the building boom is running faster there than elsewhere

83. Which of the following can meet the demand by the rampant urbanization?

A. Shrinking cities by 80% -90%. B.Building ultra-efficient buildings.

C. Restoring the conventional buildings. D. Abandoning existing building technologies.

84. The author thinks highly of those poorer countries .

A. introducing the developed countries ’ green technologies

B. building megacities while promoting energy efficiency

C. staying away from modern building technologies

D. integrating their buildings with nature

85. China’s struggle to clean up Beijing ’ s air for the Olympics, according to the passage, is a convincing example of .

A. the inevitability of our clean and sustainable metropolitan future

B.the necessity of encouraging citizens to use public transportation

C. the urgency of addressing climate change in the developing countries

D. the importance of integrated thinking to meeting the challenges of urbanization

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