2013年全国医学考博英语统一考试真题06

希赛网英语频道为大家整理2012年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题。

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Passage Three

Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of selfconscious reflection, did they believe in anything?

Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies（替代物）for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.

Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient（智人的）paradox（矛盾）”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn51 until about 10 000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew5 s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software—the culture—took a long time to develop. In particular , the intervening time saw humans vest （赋予）meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “ relaxed’’ and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.

Evidence suggested that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential

pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and that changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.

71. The questions presented in the first paragraph .

A. seen to have no answers whatever

B.are intended to dig for ancient human minds

C. are not scientific enough to be answered here

D. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance

72. The scientists find the proxy to be .

A. the role of culture B. the passage of time

C. the structure of a skull D. the biological makeup of the brain

73. According to Renfrew5 s paradox, the transition from 60 000 to 10 000 years age suggests that .

A. human civilization came too late

B.the hardware retained biologically static

C. it took so long for the software to evolve

D. there existed an interaction between gene and environment

74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that .

A. the mental development has not been exclusively biological

B.the brain and culture have not developed at the same pace

C. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution

D. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain

75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that .

A. its cognitive development is extremely slow

B. to know its past is to understand its future

C. its biological evolution is hard to predict

D. as the brain develops, so as the mind

点击返回全国医学博士英语统一考试真题汇总

素材来源：网络

>>点击注册会员，享更多英语考试相关资料，问题咨询可拨打电话400-111-9811